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Biol 215 lecture > Nutrient cycling communities > Flashcards

Nutrient cycling communities Flashcards

1
Q

Epilimnion

A

surface level on lakes

  • most productive
  • water movement; wind and waves
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2
Q

Thermocline

A

separating water layer

  • keeps warm epilimnion and cold hypolimnion from mixing
  • no mixing in the summer!! the warm water stays on top
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3
Q

hypolimnion

A

bottom cold layer

  • no oxygen
  • o2 got used up by bacteria at bottom of water
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4
Q

what happens to the lake layers in fall and spring

A
  • surface water sinks to bottom
  • bottom water rises to surface
  • brings up nutrients to the surface
  • temperature is equal from top to bottom as well as o2 levels

TROPICAL ZONES DON’T GET THE TURNOVER

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5
Q

what determines how productive the lake will be in the summer

A

the amount of wind

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6
Q

Terrestrial communities

A

1) tundra
2) temperate coniferous forest
3) temperate deciduous forests
4) prairie and savannah (grassland)
5) desert and semi-desert
6) tropical forest

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7
Q

tundra

A
  • permafrost ~ 0.5 m
  • ## surface soil thaws in summer
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8
Q

how many strata in tundra

A

3

  • soil
  • ground
  • low shrubs
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9
Q

what are the seasonal migrants in the tundra

A
  • waterfowl (shorebirds)
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10
Q

What kind of trees in the temperate coniferous forests

A
  • monopodal growth (shaped like triangle)
  • snow sluffs off
  • ancient trees (in west coast and south america)
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11
Q

how many strata in temperate coniferous forests

A

4

  • trees
  • shrubs
  • ground
  • soil
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12
Q

why is there slow decomposition in temperate coniferous forests

A

because of the short summers and long cold winters

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13
Q

what forest has the greatest biomass/ha of all ecosystems on planet

A

west coast north and south america temperate forests

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14
Q

how long is seral stage recovery after clear cutting for coniferous forests?

A

1000 years

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15
Q

how many strata in temperate deciduous forests

A

5 strata

  • upper canopy - large trees
  • lower canopy (small trees)
  • shrubs
  • ground layer of herbs (ferns and mosses)
  • soil
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16
Q

what community does lots of breeding and reproduction (seasonal migrants) happen in summer

A

temperate deciduous forests

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17
Q

how many strata in prairie and savannah

A

3

  • sparse trees
  • ground
  • soil
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18
Q

how deep are roots in prairie and savannah

A

2 m deep

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19
Q

characteristics of savannah and prairie

A
  • occasional trees
  • high evaporation, long droughts
  • burrowing of small animals (get out of heat)
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20
Q

what is the soil moisture protected by in savannah and prairie?

A

mulch

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21
Q

how many strata in desert and semi-desert?

A

3

  • cactus
  • ground
  • soil
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22
Q

what kind of animals would u expect to see in desert

A
  • animals that can burrow to get out of heat
  • seed-eating mammals
  • lizards
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23
Q

how many strata in tropical forests

A

6

  • trees over 60 m
  • trees up to 20 m
  • lowest canopy trees
  • shrub layer (tall herbs and ferns)
  • ground layer (plants and seedlings)
  • root and soil layer (shallow and poorly developed)

highest trees and soil layer are connected by vines

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24
Q

what community has the most taxonomic groups

A

tropical forests

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25
Q

how is the root layer in the tropical forests

A

poorly developed

  • need the vines to connect the high trees to the ground
  • very thin soil… when seed drops on it it can’t germinate
  • deforestation is a big issue here
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26
Q

which community has the lowest nitrogen level?

A

tundra

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27
Q

which community has the highest nitrogen content for the root layer

A

grassland

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28
Q

which community has the highest nitrogen content for above ground

A

tropical equatorial forest (75% of the biomass is what you see)

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29
Q

what are the major causes for broad geographical distribution of communities?

A
  • **uneven heating from earths surface

- different atmospheric circulation patterns (cooler and dryer vs wetter and warmer)

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30
Q

ferrell cell

A

cold air sinks (between arctic and tropical forests)

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31
Q

polar cell

A

air sinks (highest latitudes)

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32
Q

hadley cell

A

cold air sinks (tropical forest)

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33
Q

total number of species on the planet (estimate)

A

12, 000, 000

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34
Q

what species are 50% of total biomass

A

(viruses and bacteria)

> 1,00,000 species

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35
Q

as body mass increases

A
  • there are less proportion of species; more species of smaller animals
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36
Q

global trends in species abundance

A

1) taxonomy and body size
2) aquatic vs. terrestrial
3) geographical correlates (latitude, depth and altitude)

37
Q

current estimate for aquatic habitat species number

A

2,000,000 species

71%

38
Q

predicted terrestrial species number (based on area)

A

700,000 species

29%

39
Q

current observed terrestrial habitat species number

A

10,000,000 species

–> more than the predicted!!

40
Q

geographical correlates of species richness

A
  • species richness varies with latitude, depth and altitude

- looked at the number of copepods (marine) highest species richness in tropics

41
Q

tree species richness in north america (geographical correlates)

A
  • no trees really up north
  • get more trees lower
  • greatest tree diversity in florida… no rise in california
42
Q

coral species

A

most coral at equator… not much anywhere else

43
Q

fish species and geographical correlates

A
  • more fish species when you get closer to the equator
44
Q

what country has the most vascular plants?

A

Brazil

45
Q

orchids geographical correlates

A
  • each orchid has different # of insects that pollinate it

- lots in columbia and venesuala

46
Q

where is the most amphibians

A

Florida

47
Q

where is the 2 richest bird country

A
  • columbia and peru
48
Q

how does species richness differ with depth and altitude (geographical correlates)

A
  • deep sea biodiversity is among the highest on the planet

- high evenness

49
Q

where is the peak biodiversity (at which depth)

A

intermediate depths (2000-3000 m)

50
Q

Explanation for trends in global species richness

A

Ocean - biological desert

  • good productivity at the equator
  • high chlorophyll a concentration
  • in each of these continental regions: have different chlorophyll a concentration
  • more productivity with wind @ surface
  • most productivity at the edge of continents
  • total biomass of the open ocean is 4 billion
51
Q

where is the lowest and highest benthic biodiversity

A

lowest: East Mediterranean
highest: arctic
- subglacal deposits
- deepest layer of oceanic crust (bacteria have been found)

52
Q

bird species and vascular plant species richness with altitude

A

as altitude increases, bird species richness and vascular plant species richness decreases

53
Q

what is the total biomass of the ocean

A

4 billion tonnes

54
Q

where is tree species richness highest

A

tree species richness increases as you get closer to the equator

55
Q

what marine community has the highest world biomass?

A

Estuaries

56
Q

what marine community has the highest MEAN net primary production?

A

Algal beds and reefs

57
Q

what community has the highest world net primary production

A

open ocean

- because it is so big

58
Q

difference in productivity and species richness… equator and up north/south MARINE

A

equator: low productivity, high species richness

up north/south: high productivity, low species richness

59
Q

Explanations for trends in global species richness

A
  1. primary productivity (marine, terrestrial)
  2. Competition
  3. Climate variability
  4. Spatial heterogeneity
  5. Environmental age
  6. Geological time
60
Q

Net mean primary productivity of ocean

A

0.125kgC/m2/year

61
Q

what has a higher total biomass, marine or terrestrial

A

terrestrial

2 factors higher

62
Q

Biomass distribuiton on earth

A

plants: mainly terrestrial
Animals: mainly marine
Bacteria and archaea are normally located in deep subsurface environments

63
Q

what does the study reveal about total marine biomass pyramid?

A

says that it contains more consumers than producers

64
Q

what animal taxa has the greatest biomass?

A

arthropods

65
Q

what taxa has the greatest biomass?

A

plants

66
Q

what does the study reveal about total terrestrial biomass pyramid?

A

says that it contains more producers than consumers

67
Q

PET and AET

A

PET: potential evapotranspiration (amount of water that could be evaporated if there were no limitations)
AET: actual evapotranspiration, the actual water that is evaporated from a surface for any area

68
Q

why is terrestrial primary productivity so good at equator

A
  • temperature

- rainfall (more species richness with more precipitation)

69
Q

difference in productivity and species richness… equator and up north/south TERRESTRIAL

A
  • High productivity = high species richness

- low productivity = low species richness

70
Q

what are good indicators of species richness

A
  • latitude (only one that if it increases, species richness dec)
  • PET
  • precipitation
  • AET
71
Q

competition theory

A
  • in the tropics, where there is competition for space… will end up with a lot of specialist species (more species)
  • arctic will tend to have a lot of generalist species. Jack of all trades. Will have less species
72
Q

what (r or k) species will tropics and arctic have

A

arctic has more r-selected species: lots of young, low probability of surviving to adulthood
- BROAD NICHES

tropics has more K: less offspring, higher survival rates
-NARROW NICHES

73
Q

what did the paper say the storage effect was

A
  • reduces the potential for competition by 0.25% for each degree closer to the equator. Underpinned by climate
  • varies latitudinal
74
Q

how is climate different near the equator

A
  • longer growing seasons
75
Q

Climate variability theory

A
  • in the tropics the temperature change between seasons is much smaller (more opportunity for year round specialization); MORE SPECIES WITH LOWER TEMP RANGE
76
Q

spatial heterogeneity theory (small vs. large species)

A

there are more smaller species than large ones

77
Q

cactus theory

A
  • same level of primary productivity in more complex cactus’s but there are also more insects in these
78
Q

spatial heterogeneity theory (landforms)

A

the diversity of landforms is a measure of habitat diversity; few plant species lead to few herbivore species which leads to few predator species (vice versa)

AS TREE SPECIES RICHNESS INC, NUMBER OF REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS

79
Q

Environmental age theory (dispersal)

A

species dispersed by winds are most common, then birds, then water

80
Q

Great Britain frozen and recolonization

A
  • great britain initially frozen over, took a long time to grow plant species
  • no insects where no plants are
  • environmental age is important for species diversity
81
Q

how do you get cladogenesis?

A

geographical isolation + natural selection + geological time = cladogenesis

82
Q

what is the length of time for origin of a new species?

A
  • average 1 million years

potentially as short as 1000 years or less

83
Q

What affects the earth at a continent level

A
  1. primary productivity

2. geological time

84
Q

what affects the earth at a regional level

A
  1. primary productivity
  2. environmental age
  3. spatial heterogeneity
  4. climate variability

NOT geological time

85
Q

What affects the local community (differences in species richness)

A
  1. competition
  2. predation
  3. spatial heterogeneity
86
Q

diversity stability hypothesis

A
  • more species = more stability
87
Q

rivet hypothesis

A
  • if you lose a few species not a big deal

- if you lose a significant amount of species will not have a stable community!!!

88
Q

redundancy hypothesis

A

if you lose keystone or dominant species community will collapse

Biol 215 lecture (9 decks)

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