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Abnormal Psych > Substance Use Disorders > Flashcards

Substance Use Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major categories of substance related disorders?

A

1) Substance use disorders

2) Substance-induced disorders

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2
Q

What is a substance USE disorder?

A

Pattern of maladaptive behaviour involving the use of a psychoactive substance.
-Include substance-abuse and substance dependence disorders

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3
Q

What is a substance INDUCED disorder?

A

Disorders induced by the use of psychoactive substances

-Include intoxication, withdrawal symptoms, mood disorders, delirium, amnesia

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4
Q

What does the person do in a substance abuse/use disorder?

A

Continue using psychoactive drug even though they know it is contributing to a recurrent problem.
-Have impaired control over the use of the drug, often characterized by physiological dependence

Determining feature of substance abuse = whether a pattern of drug using behaviour becomes repeatedly linked to damaging consequences

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5
Q

3 types of dependence that result from Substance Abuse?

A

1) Addiction- impaired control over habitual use of chemical substance accompanied by physiological dependence
2) Physiological Dependence- physical dependence on drug which the user’s body comes to depend on a steady supply of –> development of tolerance
3) Psychological Dependence- reliance on a substance, although one may not be physically dependent, you believe you need it

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6
Q

What are the 3 most commonly used drugs in North America?

A

1) Tobacco (25%)
2) Alcohol (15%)
3) Marijuana (5%)

Alcohol and tobacco cause more deaths than any other drugs combined

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7
Q

What are the 3 Pathways to Drug Dependence?

A
  • Experimentation
  • Routine Use
  • Addiction or Dependence
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8
Q

What substance is an example of a depressant?

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

What are risk factors for alcohol?

A
  • Gender: men start earlier but women catch up quick
  • Age: onset prior to age 40
  • Antisocial personality disorder: increases risk
  • Family history: genetic component as result of modelling
  • Sociodemographic factors: low income, education, increases risk of alcohol use
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10
Q

Can therapy be done when someone is drunk or high?

A

No, therapy is typically done when people are in recovery stage, not in active addiction stages

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11
Q

What are some results of Substance abuse?

A 
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Tachycardia
Delirium Tremens
Delirium
Disorientation
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12
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Body needs more of that substance to produce same physiological repsonse

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13
Q

What is withdrawal syndrome?

A

When you stop a substance you have been on for a while, you see symptoms such as nausea, sweating, depression

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14
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

An abnormally rapid heart rate

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15
Q

What is Delirium Tremens?

A

When you stop taking drug, characterized by extreme restlessness, sweating, hallucinations, disorientation

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16
Q

What is Delirium?

A

Mental confusion, disorientation, difficulty focusing

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17
Q

What is Disorientation?

A

State of mental confusion, lack of awareness with respect to time, place or identity of oneself or others

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18
Q

What is experimentation?

A

Try it, feel good, gives you state of euphoria, feel in control, may be a result of peer pressure
-drug temporarily makes user feel good. User feels in control

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19
Q

What is Routine Use?

A

DENIAL that you have a problem. Begin to structure lives around the pursity and use of drugs. Person begins changing daily lives and values for the substance, selling things for money, not showing up to work, lying about things

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20
Q

What is Addiction or Dependence stage?

A

Feel powerless to the drug, no longer in control, body is craving it
-little or nothing else matters

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21
Q

What is the leading cause of death in young people?

A

Usually involves alcohol

-Alcohol is connected with suicides and car accidents

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22
Q

What are the psychological effects of alcohol?

A

Believe that the drug is going to make you more social, calm, funny, relaxed

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23
Q

What does AA believe about alcoholism?

A

It is a disease, you are always in recovery, never cured

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24
Q

What is Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic?

A

Brain damage, loss of memory and replace with fake ones as a result of too much alcohol

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25
Q

What is the relationship between alcohol and cancer?

A

Alcoholism leads to higher rates of cancer

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26
Q

Is there a health benefit to moderate drinking?

A

Does have benefit on the heart, but no more than 2 drinks per day

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27
Q

Alcohol in relation to ethnicity

A

Heaviest toll on First Nations

  • Jewish have low alcohol related problems
  • Asian people less
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28
Q

What are Barbiturates?

A

SEDATIVES

  • 1% population abuse these
  • Relaxing, reduce anxiety, induce sleep
  • Get prescribed these to help with sleep, then keep using them (usually middle aged people)
  • popular street drugs because give mild state of “high”
  • abrupt withdrawal can produce states of delirium that are life threatening
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29
Q

What happens when you mix barbiturates (sedatives) with alcohol?

A

Makes them 4x more powerful –> lead to more death

30
Q

What are Opiates?

A

PAIN RELIEVING

  • causes a rush of euphoria that lasts for few hours
  • Narcotics (heroin), morphine
  • withdrawal symptoms are flu-like
  • Main objective is analgesia (relief from pain)
  • produce rush or intense feelings of pleasure
  • endorphins: human body produces substances similar to opiates, that regulate pleasure and pain
  • opiates mimic actions of endorphins
  • positive effects are immediate
31
Q

What are Stimulants?

A

Gives you a rush, then you crash

  • can produce psychotic state
  • Ex) speed, meth
  • Amphetamines
  • amphetamine psychosis mimics the features of paranoid schizophrenia
32
Q

2 Types of Cocaine

A

-natural stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant

1) crack- hardened form suitable for smoking
2) freebasing- intensifies effects, power form is heated with ether

33
Q

What are the effects of cocaine?

A

Most habit forming

  • involves binges from 12-36 hours, followed by 2-5 days abstinence
  • cravings
  • depression, anxiety
  • increases availability of dopamine, producing pleasurable “high”
34
Q

What are the effects of Nicotine dependence?

A
  • common among 20-24 yr olds
  • 3 million people die per year from this
  • Lung cancer kills more than breast cancer
  • Withdrawal: jittery, weight gain, nervous, lack of energy
  • stimulates release of epinephrine
35
Q

What are Hallucinogens?

A
  • Cause sensory deprivation
  • Psychadelics: drugs that produce sensory distortions or hallucinations
  • Flashbacks, re-experiencing some event
  • marijuana and PCP are similar to psychadelics
36
Q

Who is smoking popular among?

A
  • higher in Aboriginals

- Higher among poor and less educated population

37
Q

What is PCP (Phencyclidine)?

A
  • “angel dust”
  • originally an anaesthetic
  • Causes hallucinations, readily available and inexpensive
  • Classified as a deliriant: Dissociating effects and delirium
38
Q

Effects of Marijuana?

A
  • Used most between 18-30 year olds
  • Produces mild hallucinations
  • Most common dependence on illicit drugs
  • Lower doses are relaxing
  • Higher doses makes time slow down, may feel more creative, influence thinking process
  • no withdrawal symptoms
39
Q

What are Inhalants?

A

Aerosols, lighter fluid, paint, etc.

  • Used by soaking cloth with substance and just inhaling it
  • Feeling of intoxication and euphoria
  • Trouble with this is no control over dosage
40
Q

Gambling Disorder

A

Was considered an impulse control disorder, but is now classified with other substance use disorders

41
Q

Biological Perspectives

A

Neurotransmitters

  • Serotonin: activates pleasure and reward circuits in response to cocaine
  • Endorphins: pain blocking properties (opiates)
  • Dopamine: explains the pleasure inducing effects of many drugs (nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine)

Brain’s Reward Centres

Genetic Factors

42
Q

Learning Perspective

A

1) Operant Conditioning (positive reinforcement/pleasure that drugs produce)
2) Alcohol and Tension Reduction: belief you will be relaxed, released from tension
3) Negative Reinforcement and Withdrawal: keep using it to avoid withdrawal
4) The Conditioning Model of Cravings: if you always do it at parties, might have this craving if put in that situation
5) Observational Learning- modelling, increased alcoholism among people with parents who drink

43
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

1) Outcome Expectancies, Decision Making- what do we believe will happen if we take this substance –> influence your decisions to use them or not. If you have positive expectancies, then more likely to use it
2) Self-Efficacy Expectancies- what do we believe about ourselves. Rely on substances in challenging situations when they doubt own abilities

3) Does one slip cause them to go on binges?
- becomes self-fulfilling prophecy if they think they will lose control after just one drink
- “falling of the wagon” after one drink –> absolutist thinking

44
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Freud thinks it is an oral fixation, that is why people smoke

45
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Do we see variations in different ethnic groups

46
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Get it out of system, live through the withdrawal symptoms

  • carried out in hospital
  • benzodiazepines may help block some withdrawal symptoms
  • detox takes about a week
47
Q

What is Disulfiram?

A

Drug that discourages alcohol consumption by creating strong aversive reaction to it. But if they really want to drink, people can just stop taking the pill

48
Q

How can antidepressants be used as treatments?

A

Help with cravings for cocaine

49
Q

What is nicotine replacement therapy?

A

The patch, or gum. Try to wean yourself off of nicotine slowly
-ineffective in long term unless combined with behavioural therapy

50
Q

What are Methadone Maintenance Programs?

A

Methadone treats heroine, prevents increase withdrawals, combine with therapy

51
Q

What are Naloxene and Naltrexone?

A

They block the high produced by opiates and treats alcohol

52
Q

What is the Residential Approach?

A

In house treatments at a certain site, when patients cannot exercise self-control in their usual environments
-but majority of people are helped in outpatient

53
Q

What are Psychodynamic approaches to treatment?

A

Talk Therapy

-resolve underlying conflicts

54
Q

What are Behavioural Approaches to Treatment?

A

Modify abusive and dependent behaviour patterns

1) Self-Control- Cues or triggers that prompt abuse (A’s), The abusive behaviours (B’s), and the consequences (C’s)
2) Aversive conditioning- pair drug with something negative
3) Social skills training

55
Q

What is Relapse Prevention Training?

A

-50-90% will relapse at least once, triggered by stressors or pressures

Training teaches you how to avoid triggers and use relaxation techniques, resist social pressures

56
Q

What is the Abstinence Violation Effect?

A

Tendency to overreact when you fall off wagon, feel guilty and then have full blown relapse

57
Q

States of Change

A

1) Precontemplation stage- no intent to change, unaware of problem
2) Contemplation- aware, but not committed to take action
3) Preparation- intends to take action
4) Action- dedicates time and effort to changes
5) Adaptation/Maintenance- works to adapt and adjust to change
6) Evaluation- assessment and feedback

58
Q

Most popular drug on campus

A

alcohol

59
Q

Most easily accessible substances

A

alcohol and tobacco- responsible for more deaths than all other illicit drugs combined

60
Q

What defines binge drinking

A

5+ drinks for men, 4+ drinks for women

61
Q

What can substance abuse progress to?

A

Substance dependence

62
Q

What is substance dependence?

A

physiological signs of dependence (withdrawal), and/or compulsive use of the substance
LACK control over drug use, feel helpless or powerless to stop

Substance abuse is continued use despite knowing it is bad, substance dependence is impaired control over the use

63
Q

Which drugs do not produce withdrawal symptoms?

A

Marijuana and hallucinogens

64
Q

Can you be psychologically dependent on a drug without being physiologically dependent?

A

Yes, and vice versa

65
Q

What is a depressant?

A

Drug that slows down or curbs the activity of the CNS

-reduces feelings of anxiety or tension

66
Q

Who are likely alcoholics?

A

People you see everyday, found in all walks of life and socioeconomic classes

67
Q

Alcohol dependence and other substance use disorders are strongly correlated with _____

A

Depression

68
Q

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

characterized by glaring confusion, disorientation, and memory loss

69
Q

Alcohol is the second leading cause of premature death, behind what…

A

Tobacco

70
Q

Smoking is implicated in how many cancer deaths

A

1 in 3

Smokers stand twice the risk of dying from cancer than regular people

71
Q

What is LSD

A

hallucinogenic drug that creates vivid colours and visual distortions, “expands consciousness”

  • effects are unpredictable
  • Flashbacks

Abnormal Psych (10 decks)

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