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Abnormal Psych > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are acute episodes characterized by?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, illogical thinking, incoherent speech and bizarre behaviour

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2
Q

What do people experience between episodes?

A

May still be unable to think clearly and may lack appropriate emotional responses to people and events in their lives

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3
Q

Schizophrenia affects…

A

thoughts, speech and behaviour

Touches every facet of a person’s life

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4
Q

Emil Kraeplin originally called schizophrenia by this name…

A

Dementia Praecox- out of one’s mind, general deterioration of your abilities, attributed to some physical or mental cause

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5
Q

Eugen Bleuler changed the name to schizophrenia and referred to the 4 A’s

A

Associations: relationships among thoughts become disturbed
Affect: emotional responses become flattened or inappropriate
Ambivalence: hold conflicting feelings toward others
Autism: withdrawal into a private fantasy world that is not bound by principles of logic

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6
Q

Kurt Schneider came up with the concept of First-rank symptoms and second-rank symptoms. What are they?

A

First rank: central to the diagnosis, have to have these to be diagnosed (hallucinations and delusions)

Second rank: symptoms associated with schizophrenia that also occur in other psychological conditions (disturbances in mood and confused thinking)

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7
Q

What is the problem with first and second rank symptoms?

A

Other people can experience hallucinations and delusions in other disorders as well

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8
Q

The earlier you are diagnosed, the more….

A

severe the disorder will be

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9
Q

What is the Prodromal phase?

A

Deterioration phase- waning interest in social activities and increasing difficulty in meeting the responsibilities of daily living

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10
Q

What is Residual phase?

A

Behaviour returns to the level that was characteristic in functioning prior to the first acute phase

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11
Q

Is full return to normal behaviour common?

A

No, but it may occur

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12
Q

What are the 4 disturbances in the CONTENT of thought?

A
  • Delusions of persecution: “police are out to get me”
  • Delusions of reference: “the people on the bus are talking about me”
  • Delusions of being controlled: believing thoughts and feelings are being controlled by external forces such as agents or devils
  • Delusions of Grandeur: believing oneself to be Jesus or be on a special mission
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13
Q

What are some common forms of delusions?

A

1) Thought Broadcasting- believing that one’s thoughts are somehow transmitted to the external world so that others can overhear them
2) Thought Insertion- believing that one’s thoughts have been planted in one’s mind by an external source
3) Thought Withdrawal- Believing that thoughts have been removed from one’s mind

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14
Q

Disturbances in FORM of thought

A
  • Thought disorder: breakdown in organization and control of thoughts
  • Neologisms: words made up by speaker, have no meaning to others
  • Perseveration: inappropriate but persistent repetition of the same words or train of thought
  • Clanging: stringing together of words or sounds that rhyme
  • Blocking: involuntary abrupt interruption of speech or thought
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15
Q

What is hyper-vigilance?

A

An attentional deficit characterized by acute sensitivity to extraneous sounds, especially during the early stages of the disorder

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16
Q

What perceptual disturbances are experienced?

A

Auditory hallucinations in 60% of cases

Command hallucinations- belief that there are commands you have to obey

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17
Q

What are the causes of hallucinations?

A

Increased dopamine because receptors are overactive

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18
Q

What type of emotional disturbances are experienced?

A

Flat affect: minimal emotions, neutral, low energy

19
Q

What is Stupor?

A

State of relative or complete unconsciousness in which a person is not generally aware of or responsive to the environment

20
Q

What is Type 1 Schizophrenia?

A

Type 1 involves Positive symptoms: the presence of abnormal behaviour
- such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, disorganized speech and inappropriate affect

21
Q

What is Type II Schizophrenia?

A

Type II involves Negative symptoms: absence of normal behaviour
- such as social skills deficits, social withdrawal, flattened affect, psychomotor retardation, failure to experience pleasure

22
Q

Which type is more likely to respond to medication?

A

Type 1

type 2 is more difficult to treat

23
Q

What is the first line of treatment for schizophrenia?

A

Medications

24
Q

Is Premorbid functioning better in Type 1 or 2?

A

Better in Type 1

25
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Primary narcissism: person regresses to early period in the oral stage because we are too overwhelmed

Harry Stack Sullivan: mother-child relationships that were anxious and hostile so the child takes refuge in fantasy world

26
Q

Learning Perspective

A

Ulmann and Krasner: Reinforcement, children may grow up in non-reinforcing environments and never learn to respond appropriately to social stimuli

27
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Used the cross fostering studies the examine differences in prevalence among adoptives

10x more likely to get schizophrenia if you have a biological relative with it. Closer the relative, higher the risk

28
Q

Biochemical factors

A

Dopamine: do not produce more dopamine, just have a greater than normal number of receptors that are overly sensitive to dopamine

Neuroleptic drugs: block dopamine receptors –> side effect makes you crave sugar

29
Q

Theories that schizophrenia is a viral infections

A

A slow acting virus that attacks the developing brain of a fetus or newborn

30
Q

Brain Abnormalities as a cause of schizophrenia

A

Hippocampus: impairs memory
Amygdala: impairs emotions

31
Q

What is the Schizophrenogenic Mother?

A

Family theory: a cold, aloof, but also overprotective and domineering mother. Father is more passive

32
Q

What is Double-bind communications theory?

A

Family theory: The transmission of contradictory or mixed messages

33
Q

What is Communication Deviance?

A

Family theory: Unclear, vague, disruptive, or fragmented parental communication

34
Q

What is Expressed Emotion-negative?

A

Family Theory: hostile, critical, and unsupportive of the schizophrenic family member which is more harmful for the treatment and outcome

35
Q

Families can be seen as either causes or sources of stress

A

Increase risk is disturbed communication and emotional interaction

36
Q

Biological treatments

A

Antipsychotic drugs: Phenothiazines (Haldol) help with hallucination and delusions

37
Q

What is a bad side effect of phenothiazine antipsychotics?

A

Tardive Dyskinesia: movement disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face, mouth, neck, extremities.
-most common is eye blinking

25% develop this
If you stop the drugs once you get TD, 40% will relapse

38
Q

Psychoanalytic approach to treatment

A

Personal therapy: not well suited for schizophrenia..

39
Q

Learning based approaches to treatment

A
  • Selective reinforcement of desired behaviours
  • Token Economy
  • Social skills training
40
Q

Psychosocial rehabilitiation

A

Self-help groups: usually run by non professionals, people with schizophrenia

Community programs: housing, jobs, education

41
Q

Family Intervention programs

A

Practical aspects of daily living, educating family members, improving communication

42
Q

Early Intervention Programs

A

Reduced disruption of activities, reduced likelihood of hospitalization, reduced disability, improved self-identity and self-esteem

43
Q

Schizophrenia Video:

  • Why did they first seek help?
  • What was the treatment used to help manage it?
  • What were some of the barriers to treatment?
  • What is the prognosis of individuals with schizophrenia?
A

1) Seek help when they have first psychotic break, hallucinations, usually when they committed a crime
2) Medications and therapy were used (respiratol), support groups, social skills training
3) Barriers = stigmas and medication compliance
4) Living dysfunctional lives

Abnormal Psych (10 decks)

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