Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal Psych > Abnormal Psych Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

Abnormal Psych Across the Lifespan Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Why are psychological problems in children especially poignant?

A

Because they affect children at a time in their lives when they have relatively little ability to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do some disorders look different in children than they do in adults?

A

Yes, some problems are unique to childhood, disorders that manifest themselves differently in children than in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do we consider something abnormal or normal for children?

A

Must be considered in light of developmental issues in addition to factors such as ethnicity or gender
-What is acceptable behaviour at one age may be unacceptable at another age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Autism Spectrum disorder characterized by?

A

Pervasive deficits in the ability to relate to and communicate with others, and by a restricted range of activities and interests.

Oversensitivity of under sensitivity to certain stimuli- become hyper focused on one specific thing

May have delayed speech or non verbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is autism usually found in and when is it detected?

A

It is 4x more common in boys
Lifelong condition found in all socioeconomic levels

Becomes evident between ages 18-30 months, need to see symptoms before age 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

People with autism may also have…

A

OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type 1

Type 2 Autism

A

1: Can tell autism is developing
2: child is developing normally and then around 1.5 years old, regression happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the main features of Autism?

A
  • Aloneness
  • Language and communication problems
  • Ritualistic or stereotyped behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of body movements do Autistic people use?

A

Twirling, flapping hands, rocking back and forth with the arms around knees

-May mutilate themselves, bang head, bite hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the language skills like in people with Autism?

A

Child may be mute, or may have peculiar usage of language such as echolalia, pronoun reversals, use of words that only they know, raise voice at end of sentence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do people with Autism feel in regards to Sameness?

A

PRESERVATION of Sameness- aversion to environmental changes, want the same food, same Monday outfit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Do individuals with Autism differ intellectually from the norm?

A

Yes, lag below the norm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychodynamic perspectives on Autism

A

Focused on pathological family relationships

Kanner and Eisenberg- reared by cold, detached parents who were “emotional refrigerators”

Bettelheim- extreme self-absorption is the child’s defence against parental rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cognitive perspective on Autism

A

They have a perceptual deficit that limits them to processing only one stimulus at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Biological perspectives on Autism?

A
  • Have period of overgrowth of brain size early in postnatal development, followed by slowed growth resulting in BRAIN VOLUME SMALLER than average for children
  • Smaller corpus callosum impacts lateralization (where one side of the hemisphere specializes in certain things)
  • underdeveloped mirror neurons leading to social deficits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myths associated with Autism?

A

Immunizations and environmental factors, blame it on pollutants or noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the treatment of Autism focus on?

A

Focuses on behavioural, educational and communication deficits

-Highly intensive and structured, importance on EARLY INTERVENTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What medication can be used for Autism?

A

Haldol
-may be helpful in reducing social withdrawal and repetitive motor behaviour, aggressions, hyperactivity

Could go on antipsychotics but side effect is weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an Intellectual Disability?

A

involves a broad delay in the development of cognitive and social functioning
-Assessed using formal intelligence tests and observations of adaptive functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 criteria to determine intellectual disability?

A

1) An IQ score of approx. 70 or below on intelligence test
2) Evidence of impaired functioning in adaptive behaviour
3) Onset of the disorder before age 18

-Can’t just have low IQ, has to be accompanied by one of the other criteria!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do most fall into mild or severe intellectual disability category?

A

Mild- 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the prevalence rate of intellectual disability?

A

7.18 in 1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the classifications of intellectual disability?

A

Mild: IQ of 55-70, 90% prevelance. Can reach grade 6 skill level, can live independently

Moderate: IQ of 40-55, 6% prevalence. Can reach grade 2 skill level

Severe: IQ of 25-40, 3% prevalence. Need constant supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Down Syndrome?

A

A condition caused by a Chromosomal abnormality involving an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

Usually need a visual aid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the physical features of Down Syndrome?

A

Round face, flat nose, downward sloping folds at inner corners of eyes, small hands and short fingers, disproportionately small legs and arms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What problems do people with Down Syndrome usually have?

A

Most have Mental Retardation, and physical problems like malformation of the heart and respiratory difficulties

Most die by middle age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What do children with down syndrome have to deal with?

A

learning and developmental difficulties, uncoordinated due to lack of muscle tone, memory deficits, difficulty expressing thoughts clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Down syndrome is the most common…

A

Chromosomal disability linked to intellectual disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

A

Believed to be caused by a mutated gene on the X chromosome. Defective gene is located in are of chromosome that appears fragile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who does Fragile X syndrome affect more?

A

Guys because they only have 1 X chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How often does Fragile X Syndrome cause Mental Retardation?

A

Causes MR in about 1 in every 1,000 to 1,500 males and about 1 in every 2,000 to 2,500 females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Genetic disorder that prevents the metabolization of phenylpyruvic acid.. leading to MR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do you treat PKU?

A

Go on low PKU diet, can’t eat chicken, eggs, beef. Can just eat pasta, rice, fruits, veg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the prevalence of PKU?

A

Occurs in 1 in 10,000 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Disease of lipid metabolism that is genetically transmitted and usually results in death in early childhood
-Recessive gene on chromosome 15 affects mostly Jews of Eastern European ancestry and French Canadians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do children experience in Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Gradual loss of muscle control, deafness and blindness, retardation, paralysis… usually die before age 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are Prenatal Factors in Intellectual Disability?

A
  • Cytomegalovirus: maternal disease of the herpes virus group that carries a risk of MR to the unborn child
  • FASD- linked to development of ADHD = only preventable cause of intellectual disability
  • Birth complications including oxygen deprivations, prematurity, brain infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In order to diagnose Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, you need..

A

Confirmation that the mother drank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cultural-Familial Causes of Intellectual Disability

A

Cultural-familial retardation: Milder form of MR that is believed to result or be influenced by impoverishment in the child’s home environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Inclusion or integration approach to intervention

A
  • Least restrictive environment
  • All students regardless of ability have the opportunity to be in same classroom
  • Accommodation: give these kids aides such as pictures or blocks to help them learn
  • Modifications: actually change the difficulty of what they are doing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are some advantages of inclusion?

A
  • Greater independence
  • Expand awareness of individual difference
  • Promotes acceptance
  • Appreciate that all can learn from each other
  • Better self-concept and circle of friends
42
Q

What are some Disadvantages of inclusion?

A
  • Attitudes may be negative
  • low self-esteem
  • Risk
  • Increased workload for teachers
43
Q

What are some behavioural approaches to handling intellectual disability

A
  • Teach people with MR basic hygienic behaviours
  • Shape the desired behaviour by using verbal instruction and rewards
  • Social skills training
  • Anger management
44
Q

What is a learning disorder?

A

Deficiency in a specific learning ability noteworthy because of the individual’s general intelligence and exposure to learning opportunities

45
Q

What is the intellectual level of someone with a learning disorder?

A

Have average to above average intelligence, but there is a discrepancy between where there IQ is and where they are actually performing

46
Q

More times you need to be taught something, more likely you have a ________

A

Learning disability

47
Q

What is Dyslexia?

A

Learning disorder characterized by impaired reading ability that may involve difficulty with the alphabet or spelling

48
Q

What is the most common learning disorder?

A

Dyslexia- 80%

49
Q

What is Mathematics disorder?

A

deficiencies in arithmetic skills, problem understanding basic mathematical terms or operations

50
Q

When does mathematics disorder become apparent?

A

As early as grade 1 (age 6) but is generally not recognized until grade 3

51
Q

What are disorders of written expression?

A

Dysgraphia: characterized by errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation or difficulty composing sentences

52
Q

When does Dysgraphia become apparent?

A

By around Grade 2, although milder cases may not be recognized until grade 5

53
Q

What is the prevalence of dysgraphia?

A

4-10%

54
Q

What is reading disorder?

A

Dyslexia- poorly developed skills in recognizing letters or works and comprehending written text

-Similar rates for males and females

55
Q

When does reading disorder usually become apparent?

A

Usually by grade 2 (age 7) but sometimes at age 6

56
Q

Neurobiological perspectives on learning disorders

A

Sensory processing dysfunction –> lots who have learning disabilities also have ADHD

57
Q

Genetic factors in learning disorders?

A

People whose parents have dyslexia are at a greater risk themselves

Higher rates of concordance for dyslexia among twins

58
Q

Interventions for learning disorders

A

Focus on a child’s information processing style and academic strengths while trying to boost self-esteem and motivation
-develop close teacher-parent partnerships

59
Q

What is the Individual Education Plan in response to learning disorders?

A

A contractual document that contains learning and behavioural outcomes for a student, a description of how the outcomes will be achieved and a description of how the outcomes will be evaluated

60
Q

What is ADHD?

A

behaviour disorder of childhood that is characterized by excessive motor activity and inability to focus one’s attention

-must show these characteristics in 2 or more settings

61
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD

A
  • Predominantly inattentive type: disorganized, daydream
  • Predominantly hyperactive type: constantly on go, interrupt others
  • Combination type: have 6 traits of each type
62
Q

If you are over 17, how many symptoms do you need to be diagnosed ADHD?

A

5 symptoms

63
Q

What are the prevalence rates of ADHD?

A

Between 5-10% of children aged 6 to 14 have it

boys 2-3x more likely

6-8 year olds have higher rates than 12-14 yr olds

64
Q

When is ADHD usually detected?

A

See it in the first couple years of school

65
Q

What are some features of ADHD?

A
  • poorly in school
  • fail to follow or remember instructions
  • more likely to have a learning disability
  • problems getting along with people
  • disruptive
  • unpopular with peers
66
Q

What medications are used for ADHD?

A

Similar to those used for depression

RITALIN- stimulant drugs

Calming affects, increase attention spans, reduces annoying and disruptive behaviour

Successful in helping 3/4 children

67
Q

Biological perspectives on ADHD

A

Areas of the brain involved in regulating attention and inhibition of motor behaviour, lack of executive control

68
Q

What are environmental perspectives on ADHD?

A

Children with ADHD were 2.5x more likely to have had prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke

69
Q

What are some side effects of Ritalin/stimulants?

A

loss of appetite or insomnia, hallucinations, retard a child’s growth

Rare cases can result in cardiac arrest

70
Q

Are the effects of medication for ADHD long acting?

A

No, have to take it daily

71
Q

What is Conduct disorder?

A

Abnormal behaviour in childhood characterized by disruptive, antisocial behaviour, severe behaviours

72
Q

Prevalence rates of conduct disorder?

A
  1. 3 %
    - more common in boys, especially the childhood onset type (features appear before age 10)

Prior to age 10 it is oppositional defiance disorder
After 18 it is antisocial personality

73
Q

Actions common to boys and girls with conduct disorder

A

Boys: stealing, fighting, vandalism
Girls: lying, substance abuse, running away

74
Q

When diagnosing conduct disorder you look for this…

A

Whether their actions are done with or without empathy

75
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Childhood characterized by excessive oppositional tendencies to refuse requests from parents and others
-more closely related to non-delinquent behaviours

76
Q

Features of oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Refuse to follow requests, defiant of authority, easily angered, feel resentful towards others, blame others for mistakes, deliberately annoy people

77
Q

What are the 3 categories of oppositional defiant disorder?

A
  • Vindictive
  • Angry and Irritable
  • Aggressive and Defiant
78
Q

If diagnosis for oppositional defiant disorder is prior to age 5, how often do you have to see symptoms?

A

Everyday for 6 months

79
Q

What is learning theory perspective on Oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Arises from parental use of inappropriate reinforcement strategies
-may be linked to unassertive and ineffective parenting styles, don’t have a lot of rules

80
Q

What is Family theory perspective on Oppositional defiant disorder?

A

Tend to be characterized by negative, coercive interactions, receive more punishment
-Family members use negative behaviours or means of coercion

81
Q

What is CBT treatment for disruptive behaviours?

A

Programs with explicit rules and clear rewards for obeying the rules

  • Use rewards and punishments
  • Anger management
  • Calming self-talk
82
Q

What is separation anxiety disorder?

A

childhood condition characterized by extreme fears of separation from parents or others on whom the child is dependent

Usually following a stressful life event

83
Q

What are some of the main features of separation anxiety disorder?

A
  • Follow family members around
  • Voice concerns about death
  • nausea or vomiting when separation is anticipated
  • throwing tantrums when parents are about to leave
84
Q

What is the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder?

A

4% of children

85
Q

Psychoanalytic theories on separation anxiety

A

Anxiety symbolizes unconscious conflicts

86
Q

What are cognitive theories on separation anxiety?

A

Cognitive bias in processing information, such as interpreting ambiguous situations as threatening, expecting negative outcomes, negative self-talk

87
Q

Depression in childhood

A

Show greater sense of hopelessness and more negative attributions

88
Q

Prevalence rates of childhood depression

A

2% of Canadian children

No gender difference in childhood, but after age 15 girls become more likely

89
Q

How many children who are depressed in childhood have a recurrence later in life?

A

about 3/4 children who were depressed between ages 8-13 have a recurrence later in life

90
Q

What are some correlates of Childhood depression?

A
  • Attributional style: usually internal, stable and global

- Adolescent girls: social challenges such as pressure to narrow their interests and pursue feminine activities

91
Q

What medication is used for childhood depression

A

Antidepressants such as Prozac

92
Q

What are some factors associated with childhood suicide?

A

Gender: girls more likely to attempt, boys to complete

Age: between 15-24

Ethnicity: highest in First Nations

Depression: higher risk when combined with low self-esteem

Previous suicidal attempts: 1 in 4 attempters repeats

Family problems: present in 75% of cases

Stressful life events: breakup, unwanted pregnancy, etc.

Substance abuse

Social contagion: widespread publicity of suicides

93
Q

What is Dementia?

A

Cognitive impairment involving generalized progressive deficits in a person’s memory and learning of new info, ability to communicate, judgment and motor coordination

94
Q

What are the two major losses in Dementia?

A
  • Memory loss

- Disturbance of executive function

95
Q

What is the average duration of life after someone contacts a doctor about memory loss

A

3.3 years

96
Q

What are some abnormalities in people with dementia?

A
  • Amyloid plaques
  • Neurofibrillary tangles
  • inflammation of brain
97
Q

What are some causes of dementia?

A
  • Huntington’s or Parkinson’s disease
  • head injury
  • stroke
98
Q

What is Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Fatal neurogenerative disorder that accounts for the majority of dementia cases (95%)

99
Q

Who is at greatest risk for getting Alzheimer’s?

A

People who have a mother with Alzheimer’s

100
Q

When is the diagnosis for Alzheimer’s given?

A

when all other potential causes of dementia are ruled out

101
Q

What is the treatment for Alzheimers?

A

No cure, but some medications slow down the decline in memory, and thinking abilities and inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine

Abnormal Psych (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions