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Psychopathology/Models of Intervention > Substance Abuse Disorders > Flashcards

Substance Abuse Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define psychoactive substance

A

Any substance ingested to alter thought processes, mood, or behaviour

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2
Q

Which substances are most often abused?

A
  • caffeine
  • alcohol (41% weekly)
  • tobacco (17% daily)
  • sugar
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3
Q

Define substance use

A

Taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with every day and social functioning

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4
Q

Define substance intoxication

A

Physiological reaction to ingestion e.g. being drunk or high

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5
Q

Define substance abuse

A

Use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment (e.g. affecting jobs or relationships)

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6
Q

Describe tolerance

A

Needing more of a substance to get the same effect, or experiencing reduced effects from the same amount

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7
Q

Describe withdrawal

A

Physical reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use

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8
Q

Describe dependence

A

High tolerance
Withdrawal symptoms
Desperate need

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9
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms

A

Usually the opposite effect of a drug

  • euphoria - dysphoria
  • relaxation - tension
  • pain relief - pain
  • sleep - insomnia
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10
Q

What are some effects of alcohol

A
  • CNS depressant
  • influences neurotransmitters
  • increases inhibitory effects
  • intoxication
  • withdrawal
  • foetal alcohol syndrome
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11
Q

What is delirium tremens?

A

Hallucinations and tremors brought on by withdrawal from severe alcohol use

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12
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Problems in the foetus from alcohol use during pregnancy. Problems include impaired growth, cognitive difficulties, and behavioural problems

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13
Q

What can heavy alcohol use lead to, long term?

A
  • dementia

- wernicke-korsakoff disorder

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of Wernicke-Korsakoff disorder

A
  • confusion
  • lack of coordination
  • impaired speech
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15
Q

What are some family problems alcohol abuse can cause?

A
  • neglect
  • violence
  • separation
  • legal problems
  • financial problems
  • death
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16
Q

What are some workplace problems alcohol can affect?

A
  • work absenteeism
  • loss of productivity
  • work accidents
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17
Q

What are some general problems alcohol can affect?

A
  • motor vehicle accidents / crime

- one punch attacks

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18
Q

Effect of sedatives

A

Calming

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19
Q

Effect of hypnotic drugs

A

Sleep inducing

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20
Q

Effect of anxiolytic drugs

A

Anxiety reducing

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21
Q

Who is most likely to abuse sedative, hypnotic or anxiolytic related drugs?

A

Caucasian women 35+

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22
Q

What are the effects of S/H/A?

A
  • similar to large doses of alcohol
23
Q

Effects of amphetamines

A
  • elation
  • vigor
  • reduce fatigue
  • withdrawal: extreme fatigue and depression
24
Q

How do amphetamines stimulate the CNS?

A
  • enhance the release or norepinephrine and dopamine

- block reuptake

25
Q

Name some popular stimulants/amphetamines

A
  • adderall
  • ritalin
  • ecstasy / mdma
  • crystal meth
26
Q

What are some effects of crystal meth

A
  • may cause aggressive tendencies in addition to high

- extreme risk of dependence

27
Q

Effects of cocaine

A
  • short lived elation
  • vigor
  • reduced fatigue
  • blocking reuptake of dopamine
28
Q

Opiates

A

Natural chemical in the opium poppy with narcotic effects

29
Q

Opioids

A

Natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects

30
Q

Analgesics

A

Pain killers

31
Q

Low dose effects of opioids

A
  • activate enkephalins and endorphins

- incude euphoria, drowsiness, slowed breathing

32
Q

High dose effects of opioids

A
  • death

- lasting and secure withdrawal symptoms

33
Q

Is concordance for alcohol abuse higher in mono or dizygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic

34
Q

How much higher is the risk for sons with alcoholic fathers?

A

7 x higher

35
Q

Family history risk

A

3-4 times higher

36
Q

Gender and identical twins rates

A

Higher rates in male identical twins

37
Q

Which gender of adopted children have a higher risk

A

Males

38
Q

Direct activation

A

Dopamine activation (e.g. amphetamines, cocaine). Drugs that affect the pleasure pathway.

39
Q

Indirect activation

A

Inhibition of GABA - stop inhibiting dopamine - dopamine increases

40
Q

List three ways that drugs can be psychologically reinforcing

A
  • positive reinforcement: seeking a high
  • negative reinforcement: escaping withdrawal/crash
  • coping: tension reduction and escape from life stressors
41
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Drugs themselves are the easiest way to alleviate feelings of withdrawal

42
Q

Expectancy effects

A

People use drugs when they anticipate positive effects

43
Q

Cravings

A

Triggered by cues (e.g. mood, environment, availability to drug)

44
Q

Define early childhood trauma

A

Exposure to actual or threatened death

45
Q

List some examples of childhood trauma

A
  • serious injury
  • sexual violence
  • bullying
  • terrorism
  • exposure to war
  • neglect
  • domestic violence
46
Q

What are some examples of the stress response to childhood trauma

A
  • post traumatic stress symptoms
  • fight or flight
  • senses, amygdala and hippocampus activated
  • elevated cortisol
  • changes in the gut
47
Q

Effects of chronic traumatic arousal

A
  • PTSD
  • affects eating/hunger
  • depression
  • hypervigilant system
  • anxiety
  • gut problems
48
Q

Societal views about drug abuse

A
  • sign of moral weakness and failure of self control

- sign of a disease - caused by some underlying process

49
Q

Cultural factors

A
  • influence manifestation of substance abuse

- expectancies of drinking at occasions

50
Q

Integrative model: Drug use depends on…

A
  • social and cultural expectations
  • positive and negative reinforcement
  • genetic predisposition and biological factors
  • psychosocial stressors
51
Q

Barbituates

A

Prescribed to help people sleep

52
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Prescribed to help reduce anxiety

53
Q

Which psychoactive drug class are the most common?

A

Stimulants

54
Q

Effects of crystal meth

A

Marked aggressive tendencies

Psychopathology/Models of Intervention (11 decks)

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