Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
When are neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed?
Infancy, childhood and adolescence
List the main neurodevelopmental disorders
- ADHD
- specific learning disorders
- autism
- intellectual disability
- global developmental delay
What are the central features of ADHD?
- inattentive
- hyperactive
- impulsive
What are the two categories of ADHD?
- inattention
- hyperactivity/impulsivity
What are some characteristics of adults with ADHD?
- lower level jobs
- 2.5 years of education
- more likely to be divorced
- more likely to have substance abuse problems and antisocial personality disorder
Three disorders that have high comorbidity with ADHD
- ODD
- Conduct disorders
- mood disorders
Define oppositional defiant disorder
Pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behaviour towards authority
Define conduct disorder
Repeated serious violations of the rights of others or societal rules
What are the two major characteristics of autism?
- communication and social interaction
- restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests of activities
What is Level 1 of severity for autism?
Requiring support
What is Level 2 of severity for autism?
Requiring substantial support
What is Level 3 of severity for autism?
Requiring very substantial support
How does autism affect social communication?
- failure to develop age appropriate social relationships
- joint attention
- social interaction
- deficits in nonverbal communication
- prosody
- echolalia
- conversational impairments
Describe what is meant by restricted repetitive behaviour
- restricted patterns
- behaviours
- interests
- activities
- maintenance of sameness
- stereotyped and ritualistic behaviours
What is the prevalence of autism?
- 1 in every 50 births
- male to female 4.4. to 1
- IQ interaction
- 38% intellectual disabilities
- occurs worldwide
List the historical views for causes of autism
- failed parenting
- lack of self awareness
- limited self concept
- behavioural correlates
List the components of genetic cause of autism
- familial component (20% risk of second child with autism)
- genes on a number of chromosomes
- oxytocin receptor genes
- older parents increased risk
List the neurobiological influences of autism
- larger amygdala at birth
- elevated cortisol
- neuronal damage
- fewer neurons
- lower oxytocin
Define intellectual disability
A disorder evident in childhood as significantly below average intellectual and adaptive functioning
What are the 3 domains of difficulty in intellectual disability
- conceptual (e.g. memory, language)
- social (e.g. friend problems)
- practical (personal care, jobs)
Describe the IQ and prevalence for intellectual disability
IQ: 70-75 or below
Prevalence: 2% of population
List some adaptive problems of intellectual disability
- communication
- self care
- home living
- work
- academic skills
- self-direction
List in order the levels of severity of intellectual disability
- mild
- moderate
- severe
- profound
What is the IQ level for mild intellectual disability?
50 or 55 to 70
What is the IQ level for moderate intellectual disability?
35-40 to 50-55
What is the IQ level for severe intellectual disability?
20-25 to 35-40
What is the IQ level for profound intellectual disability?
Below 20-25
List the 7 causal prenatal factors for intellectual disability
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- disease
- chemicals
- poor nutrition
- lack of oxygen during birth
- malnutrition
- head injuries
List 5 genetic influences for intellectual disability
- multiple genes
- chromosomal disorders
- mitochondrial disorders
- multiple genetic mutations
What other syndromes can influence intellectual disability?
- De novo disorders
- tuberous sclerosis
- phenylketonuria (PKU)
- lesch-nyham syndrome
Describe 5 characteristics of fragile x syndrome
- learning disabilities
- hyperactivity
- short attention spans
- gaze avoidance
- preservative speech
What are four ways to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders?
- early detection
- focus on child and family functioning
- community based intervention
- transdisciplinary team
Why is failed parenting a historical view of autism?
- perfectionistic, cold and aloof
- higher economic status
- higher IQ’s
List and describe the four main causes of intellectual disability
- environmental: e.g. deprivation or abuse
- prenatal: e.g. exposure to disease or drugs in the womb
- perinatal: difficulties during labor and delivery
- postnatal: e.g. infections or head injury
