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Psychopathology/Models of Intervention > Introductions > Flashcards

Introductions Flashcards

1
Q

List approaches throughout history to identify psychopathology

A
  • Supernatural and religious
  • Biological approaches
  • Psychological approaches
  • Physiological approaches
  • Sociocultural bias towards medication
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2
Q

Describe the supernatural and religious approach

A

Possession, structured religious ideas e.g. committing sins and being punished, exorcisms; the devil

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3
Q

Describe the biological approach

A

Has a basis in humours and anatomy

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4
Q

Describe psychological approaches

A

Started around the 1800s, asylums began to be thought of an inhumane, trying to work with people to see common symptoms, Freud started to think about psychological issues

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5
Q

Describe physiological approaches

A

This approach merged knowledge of anatomical structure with understanding of physiological functioning

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6
Q

What is the medical model?

A

Suggests that when someone has a disease, established treatments for the disease will help it remediate

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7
Q

What are the cons of using the medical model?

A
  • there is not one clear causal pathway
  • doesn’t tell us when disorders are serious enough for treatment
  • most mental disorders are multi factorial
  • many disorders appear to be normal aspects of human experience, just at extreme levels or rigid patterns
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8
Q

What are the pros of using the medical model?

A

Much of our research and classification has come from it and it can be good to help clients manage and cope with their symptoms

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9
Q

Describe the diathesis-stress approach

A

View that mental disorder onset is explained by both diathesis and stressors

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10
Q

Define diathesis

A

Things that render an individual vulnerable to development of a mental disorder; could be genetics, early childhood experiences, personality etc

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11
Q

Define stress (as in diathesis-stress)

A

Environmental triggers promoting the onset of a mental disorder e.g bereavement, work etc

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12
Q

Describe the biopsychosocial model

A

Considers the biological, psychological and social factors associated with client difficulties

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13
Q

List some biological examples of the biopsychosocial model

A

High blood pressure, cancer, brain injury, neurotransmitter function

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14
Q

List some psychological examples of the biopsychosocial model

A

Personality traits, cognitive functioning, attachment style

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15
Q

List some social examples of the biopsychosocial model

A

Romantic relationships, workplace satisfaction, identification as cultural minority

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16
Q

List the four case formulation factors in order

A
  • predisposing
  • precipitating
  • perpetuating
  • protective
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17
Q

Describe predisposing factors

A

Those that render the client vulnerable to experiencing a mental disorder; underlying issues that make them more at risk

18
Q

Describe precipitating factors

A

Likely to have triggered initial or current onset of disorder e.g. breakup

19
Q

Describe perpetuating factors

A

Those acting to MAINTAIN client distress and impairment; things keeping the problem going

20
Q

Describe protective factors

A

Those contributing to strength and resilience

21
Q

What is clinical assessment?

A

The process of evaluating and measuring the client’s issues so you can understand the problem and how to help

22
Q

What are the purposes of clinical assessment?

A
  • To understand the individual
  • To predict behaviour
  • To plan treatment
  • To evaluate treatment outcome
23
Q

List the domains of assessment

A
  • Clinical interview
  • Physical exam
  • Mental status exam
  • Behavioural assessment and observations
  • Psychological testing
24
Q

What kind of information is obtained through a demographic interview?

A
  • demographics
  • medical history
  • family history
  • educational and vocational history
  • psychological history
25
Q

What is the mental status exam?

A

A comprehensive set of questions and observations to systematically assess the mental state of a client

26
Q

List the 8 sets of questions to address in the MSE

A
  • Appearance and behaviour
  • Mood and affect
  • Speech and language
  • Thought form and content
  • Sensory and perceptual abnormalities
  • Cognitive functioning
  • Judgement and insight
  • Risk
27
Q

What kind of things does ‘appearance and behaviour address’?

A

How the client looks, how they smell ‘malodorous’

28
Q

What does ‘mood and affect’ address?

A

Mood: what the client reports
Affect: external signs of it

29
Q

What does ‘speech and language’ address?

A

Is their language rapid? Does it make sense? Is it pressured?

30
Q

What does ‘thought form and content’ address?

A

If someone isn’t making much sense, their thought form probably isn’t

31
Q

What does ‘cognitive functioning’ address?

A

Similar to thought form, with a tone of intelligence

32
Q

What does ‘judgement and insight’ address?

A

Can the client make healthy or adaptive decisions? Do they have logical reasons for their decisions?

33
Q

List some features of behavioural assessment

A
  • focus on the present
  • direct and minimally inferential
  • target behaviours identified and observed
  • focus on antecedents
  • either formal or informal
34
Q

List some types of psychological tests

A
  • projective tests
  • self report measures of personality
  • intelligence tests
  • neuropsychological tests
  • psychophysiological assessments
35
Q

What is the aim of the DSM

A

To classify different forms of mental disorders and allow patients to be diagnosed by meeting criteria

36
Q

Advantages of the DSM

A
  • organisation of knowledge
  • clearer standard of communication between professionals
  • allows research into defined categories
  • name recognition promotes knowledge
  • facilitates legal and social comprehension of diagnoses
37
Q

Disadvantages of the DSM

A
  • a-theoretical in terms of cause
  • stigma from labelling
  • not everyone fits into a category
  • comorbidity more common than not
  • variability within diagnoses
  • influenced by social and political context
  • assumes clinical expertise
38
Q

List the myths about mental disorders

A
  • more violent
  • permanent
  • adults only
  • normal people don’t get them
39
Q

What are the three ways of defining normality?

A
  • sociocultural
  • statistical
  • biological
40
Q

What is the DSM definition of abnormality?

A

Behavioural, psychological or biological dysfunction that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment

41
Q

What are some common problems underlying abnormality?

A
  • poor decision making
  • lack of impulse control of self discipline
  • inability to delay gratification
  • difficulty regulating emotional states
  • intolerance of uncertainty
42
Q

How is the DSM used?

A
  • clinicians trained to recognise symptoms
  • develop clinical expertise to distinguish abnormal functioning
  • use DSM to diagnose
  • judge whether diagnosis is helpful
  • understand validity of diagnosis

Psychopathology/Models of Intervention (11 decks)

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