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Psychopathology/Models of Intervention > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

Define positive symptoms

A

Active presence of abnormal phenomena

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2
Q

List some positive symptoms

A

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder

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3
Q

Define negative symptoms

A

Deficits in normal behaviour

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4
Q

List some negative symptoms

A
  • less speech
  • less interest or motivation
  • less emotional expression
  • less feeling or interest
  • blunted affect
  • avolition
  • alogia
  • anhedonia
  • sociality
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5
Q

Which type of symptoms respond better to intensive psychosocial treatment?

A

Negative

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6
Q

What are delusions

A

False beliefs which are a misrepresentation of reality; held in a fixed way; typically personal

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7
Q

List common forms of delusion

A
  • persecutory
  • referential
  • grandiose
  • somatic
  • delusions of control
  • thought insertion
  • thought broadcasting
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8
Q

Persecutory delusions

A

Person/group/system is trying to harm you

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9
Q

Referential delusions

A

Certain gestures/comments/environmental cues are directed at you e.g. radio is sending you a message

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10
Q

Grandiose delusions

A

Belief that one has special powers or abilities, special significance, or has been given a special mission

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11
Q

Somatic delusions

A

Clearly unrealistic, often bizarre belief about one’s own body e.g. rats have eaten internal organs

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12
Q

Delusions of control

A

Belief that one is controlled by mysterious external forces

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13
Q

Thought insertion

A

Belief that someone is putting thoughts into one’s head

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14
Q

Thought broadcasting

A

Belief that others can hear one’s thoughts

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15
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Experiences that are interpreted as perceptions, but without the external stimulus

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16
Q

Characteristics of voices/auditory hallucinations

A
  • voices distinct from one’s own
  • can be multiple different voices
  • majority are negative voices
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17
Q

List some disorders of thought and language

A
  • confused thinking -unusual and idiosyncratic
  • disorganised or incoherent speech - derailment, associations
  • difficulty concentrating
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18
Q

Neologisms

A

Use of made up words that have little or no meaning to others

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19
Q

Loose associations or derailment

A

Drifts off on a train of associations evoked by an idea of the past

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20
Q

Perseveration

A

Inappropriate but persistent repetition of the same words or train of thought

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21
Q

Clanging

A

Stringing together of words or sounds on the basis of rhyming

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22
Q

Blocking

A

Train of thought interrupted by silence before idea is completed then thought being conveyed cannot be recalled

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23
Q

Blunted affect or affective flattening

A

Emotions seem dampened, person’s emotional expression is reduced

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24
Q

Avolition

A

Difficulty getting motivated and initiating goal directed action

25
Q

Alogia

A

Reduced speech output

26
Q

Anhedonia

A

Decreased ability to experience pleasure or remember previously pleasurable events

27
Q

Asociality

A

Refers to lack of interest in social interactions

28
Q

List some differential diagnoses for schizophrenia

A
  • attenuated psychotic syndrome
  • brief psychotic disorder
  • schizophreniform psychosis
  • substance induced psychosis
  • organic psychosis
  • schizoaffective disorder
29
Q

Attenuated psychotic syndrome

A

Possibly prodromal for schizophrenia

30
Q

Brief psychotic disorder

A

Symptoms similar but last less than one month

31
Q

Schizophreniform psychosis

A

Symptoms similar but last between 1-6 months

32
Q

Substance induced psychosis

A

On withdrawal of substance, symptoms should resolve

33
Q

Organic psychosis

A

Need to investigate head injuries, look at concussive and impaired symptoms

34
Q

Schizoaffective disorder

A

Presence of psychotic symptoms within a mood episode and outside a mood episode (2 or more weeks)

35
Q

What are the phases of a psychotic episode

A
  1. prodromal
  2. active or acute
  3. residual
  4. remission or recovery
36
Q

Prodromal

A

The lead up to something; onset; early signs; some changes in perceptions

37
Q

Active or acute

A

Floridly psychotic, exhibiting clear psychotic symptoms

38
Q

Residual

A

Acute symptoms have resolve but still some signs of disorder or negative symptoms remain

39
Q

Remission or recovery

A

No psychotic symptoms remain

40
Q

What percentage of schizophrenics are employed?

A

10-20%

41
Q

When is typical onset?

A

Between 16-28

42
Q

What percentage of the global population is affected?

A

About 1%

43
Q

What is the percentage risk for genetic predisposition?

A

75%

44
Q

What are some other factors that can combine to cause schizophrenia?

A
  • pre pregnancy factors
  • pregnancy stress
  • social stress
  • environmental stress
  • neurobiology (dopamine hypothesis)
45
Q

What is the risk for an adopted child of mother with psychotic disorder?

A

22%

46
Q

Which endophenotypes can be used to identify schizophrenia early?

A
  • saccadic eye movement
  • social cognition
  • cognitive deficits
47
Q

What are endophenotypes?

A

Biological markers

48
Q

Stress-diathesis

A

Underlying vulnerabilities to schizophrenia can be impacted by stress and hence it could emerge

49
Q

Definition of psychosis

A

When perceptions and sensations lose touch with reality around you

50
Q

Contributions of John Haslam

A
  • looked at schizophrenia from a scientific level

- believed they could be helped

51
Q

Contributions of Philippe Pinel

A
  • took over management of Bicetre asylum
  • released prisoners from their chains
  • gradually discharged people
  • improved nutrition
  • stopped blood letting
  • forbade harsh treatment
52
Q

Contributions of Emil Kraepelin

A
  • distinguished between schizophrenia and mood disorders

- first to characterise dementia praecox (schizophrenia)

53
Q

Contributions of Eugene Bleuler

A
  • introduced the term schizophrenia (split brain)

- saw schizophrenia as splitting between emotional and intellectual functions

54
Q

Two or more of the following:

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech
  4. Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour
  5. Negative symptoms
55
Q

Benefits of effective psychoeducation

A
  • reduce number of relapses/episodes
  • reduce the need for hospitalisation
  • improve adherence with pharmacological and psychological treatment
56
Q

What is the modern recovery oriented approach

A

Personal recovery is about being able to create and live a meaningful life in a community of choice, with or without mental issues

57
Q

Which type of treatment works best for positive symptoms?

A

Anti-psychotic medications

58
Q

List 4 examples of inappropriate affect and disorganised behaviour

A
  • extremely active/excited or lethargic
  • catatonic behaviour
  • unusual behaviour based on hallucinations and delusions
  • inappropriate affect
59
Q

Prevalence of schizophrenia

A

0.2 - 1.5%

Psychopathology/Models of Intervention (11 decks)

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