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substance abuse Flashcards

1
Q

substance abuse

A

a pattern of drug use in which people rely on drug chronically and excessively and not for therapeutic reasons

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2
Q

addiction or dependence

A

being physically dependant on a drug in addition to abusing it

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3
Q

dangers of cocaine

A

psychotic behaviour, brain damage, death

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4
Q

dangers of designer drugs

A

untested, potentially contaminated

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5
Q

dangers of intravenous drugs

A

risk of contracting infectious diseases, overdoes and death, harm to an individuals life, loved ones and society

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6
Q

dangers of alcohol

A

cirrhosis of the liver, increased risk of heart disease and stroke , korakoff’s syndrome

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7
Q

dangers of smoking

A

increased risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke etc

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8
Q

what makes drugs so attractive

A

positive reinforcement and/ or negative reinforcement

learned conditioned responses

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9
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behaviour that makes it more likely the behaviour will occur again in the future

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10
Q

what is the reward in positive reinforcement

A

the reinforcing stimulus

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11
Q

when do reinforcing stimuli have a greater effect?

A

if it occurs immediately after the behaviour

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12
Q

why does heroin act faster than morphine?

A

it is lipid soluble, can pass the blood brain barrier

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13
Q

long term changes produced by substance abuse

A

in the ventral tegmental area

increased strength in the excitatory synapses of dopaminergic neurons of mice after single administration, administration for 2 weeks lead to permenant changes

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14
Q

4 dopaminergic pathways

A

mesolimbic
mesocortical
nigrostratial
tuberoinfundibular

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15
Q

most important dopaminergic pathway? where it starts and ends?

A

mesolimbic pathway

VTA to nucleus accumbens

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16
Q

what do changes in teh VTA lead to?

A

increased activation in a variety of regions that receive dopaminergic input from the VTA

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17
Q

where does the process of addiction begin?

A

the mesolimbic system

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18
Q

what does mesolimbic dopaminergic system do?

A

trigger the release of dopamine in teh nucleus accumbens

different drugs stimulate this release in different ways

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19
Q

what are synaptic changes responsible fort he compulsive behaviours that characterise addiction occur?

A

only after continued use

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20
Q

where do important changes occur?

A

in the dorsal striatum which is a part of the basal ganglia

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21
Q

what does the dorsal striatum play a key role in?

A

operant conditioning

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22
Q

negative reinforcement

A

a behaviour that turns off or reduces aversive stimuli will be reinforced
not a punishment
rather a removal of something unpleasant

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23
Q

negative reinforcement explains

A

maintenance of addiction
explanation for start of addiction
why people take more when tolerance occurs
avoidance of withdrawal symptoms

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24
Q

tolerance

A

decreased sensitivity from continued use
must take a larger amount for the same effect
body may have started to compensate for homeostatic mechanisms

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25
withdrawal symptoms
effects when you stop taking the drug | generally the opposite of the drug itself
26
craving can occur:
months or years after without the drug after a long period of abstinence
27
what is craving due to?
potentially: long lasting changes in brain
28
what do cravings increase the likelihood of?
relapse
29
what can craving be elicited by?
drug related stimuli can elicit conditioned responses in substance abusers, both physiologically and subjectively stress
30
role of dopamine | attentional bias model (4 stages)
1) conditioned drug stimuli 2) dopamine level increase in certain brain areas 3) further draws the individuals attention to drug related stimuli 4) this promotes craving and relapse
31
attentional bias is the hypothesised role of?
the nucleus accumbens
32
dopamine increased in relation to cocaine cues in?
the dorsal striatum
33
people who use drugs show impairment where?
prefrontal cortex
34
prefrontal cortex impairments in drug users
function- activity structural abnormalities deficits on task
35
where do opiates come from?
opium poppy- sticky resin
36
types of opiates
heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine
37
effects of opiates
pain killer effects
38
how can opiates be taken?
eaten, smokes, administered intravenously
39
societal costs of heroin
tolerance needle use transmission to unborn child uncertainty of strength and what it is mixed with
40
what does systematic administration of opiates stimulate?
opiate receptors
41
effect at periaqueductal grey matter
analgesia
42
effect at preoptic area?
hypothermia
43
effect at mesencephalic reticular formation
sedation
44
effect at VTA and nucleus accumbens
reinforcement
45
opiates positive reinforcement
Dopamine - the reinforcing effects of opiates are produced by the activation of neurons of the mesolimbic system and release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
46
opiates negative reinforcement
painkiller feeling of pleasure withdrawal
47
opiate craving
opiate related stimuli trigger the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
48
stimulant drugs
cocaine and amphetamine | dopamine agonists, have similar effects but their sites of action are different
49
cocaine action
deactivated dopamine transporter proteins, blocking the reuptake of dopamine
50
amphetamine action
inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and directly stimulates the release of dopamine from the terminal buttons
51
positive reinforcement stimulant drugs
action at mesolimbic dopamine system potent and rapid effects
52
what happens if you block dopaminergic receptors or destroy terminals in the nucleus accumbens
cocaine and amphetamines loose much of their reinforcing effect
53
positive reinforcement nicotine
smoking stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors associated with the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, reinforcing the behaviour
54
negative reinforcement smoking
appetite increase overeating weight gain
55
craving nicotine
associated stimulus | nicotine stimulates orexin
56
what disrupts smoking addiction and why?
damage to the insula 19 smoker with insula damage following acquired brain injury 50 smokers with other brain damage those with insula damage significantly more likely to have a disruption of smoking addiction
57
kosarkoff syndrome (alcohol)
chronic memory disorder anterograd amnesia caused by a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1)
58
effect of lack of thiamine
damage to areas of the thalamus and mammillary bodies- structures important for encoding new memories
59
anterograd amnesia
loss of the ability to form new memories explicit memories are effected- inabillity to learn new facts or remember events implicit memories not effected
60
societal costs of alcohol
``` accidents violence and aggression chronic alcoholism- unemployment, homelessness health: liver cirrhosis fetal alcohol syndrome ```
61
disinhibition theory
alcohol acts as a selective depressant on the cortex and activates subcortical structures
62
alcohol myopia theory
tendency for people to respond to near and immediate cues while ignoring remote cues and potential cues
63
alcohol positive reinforcement
mild euphoria increases activity in the dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic system can trigger the release of endogenous opioids
64
alcohol and mesolimbic dopamine system
indirect antagonist at NMDA receptors indirect agonist at GABAA receptors
65
alcohol and endogenous opiates
drugs that block opiate receptors also block the reinforcing effects of alcohol in a variety of species
66
negative reinforcement of alcohol
anxiolytic and sedative effects : reduces discomfort and anxiety -indirect agonist at GABAA receptors disinhibition
67
craving alcohol
opiate receptors: level of opioid receptors increases with abstinence and is thought to be related to cravings for alcohol
68
withdrawal alcohol
mild symptoms then more serios problems seizures
69
seizures and alcohol withdrawal
increased sensitivity of NMDA receptors after suppressive effect of alcohol is removed can trigger seizures and convulsions drugs that block NMDA receptors were shown to prevent seizures in mice
70
two natural components of cannabis
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) principle psychoactive component of cannabis cannabidiol (CBD) does not produce a high
71
THC
small dose cause euphoria large doses can produce anxiety and psychotic like behaviours
72
CBD
antianxiety and antipsychotic effects studies being completed to evaluate whether it would be an appropriate treatment for people with: schizophrenia social anxiety post traumatic stress...
73
cannabis positive reinforcement
THC has stimulating effect on dopaminergic neurons CB1 receptors mediate most of the psychotic effects on THC
74
CB1 receptors
probable role in reinforcing effects on other drugs as well as cannabis -Blocking CB1 receptors in mice abolishes reinforcing effect of cannabis, heroin, morphine and reduces that of alcohol rimonabant, which blocks CB1 receptors, decreases the reinforcing effects of nicotine

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