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stress 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does our body change when we feel stress?

A

changes in breathing
exacerbate existing mental health conditions
changes in eating behaviour
diarrhoea / constipation

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2
Q

stress reactivity

A

the way we respond to a stressor

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3
Q

Stressor

A

a situation that causes stress to a system `

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4
Q

possible effects of changes in breathing due to stress?`

A

increased risk of asthma attack/ emphysema

hyperventilation during stress- increased risk of panic attack in those with panic disorder

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5
Q

problems caused by chronic stress

A 
muscles of the body in a constant state of guardedness 
tension-type headache/ migraines
long term heart/ blood problems
-hypertension
-heart attack
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6
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014

A

multi ethnic study of atherosclerosis

population based study on 6749 adults age 45-84 years

free of cardiovascular disease

stress measured as burden of 5 domain

chronic stress at baseline predicted increased likelihood of stroke over the follow up period
(10% increase)

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7
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014 5 domains to measure stress

A 
health problems 
health problems of others 
job or ability to work problems 
relationship 
finances
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8
Q

Everson-Rose et al. 2014 10% increase held after accounting for:

A

race
age
sex
education

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9
Q

acute physical cause of stress

A

injury

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10
Q

chronic physical cause of stress

A

hunger

cancer

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11
Q

acute psychological cause of stress

A

deadline

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12
Q

acute social cause of stress

A

humiliation

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13
Q

chronic psychological cause of stress

A

chronic work pressure

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14
Q

chronic social cause of stress

A

chronic isolation

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15
Q

when does stress have negative side effects?

A

has short term gain at first
when it is continuous
results in chronic stress which leads to problems such as ulcers and withdrawal symptoms

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16
Q

what is the stress response?

A

fight or flight

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17
Q

immediate side effects of stress

A

arousal, increased blood supply and sugar, violent bursts of energy

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18
Q

1900s causes of mortality

A

infectious disease and childbirth

  • pneumonia
  • tuberculosis
  • influenza
  • childbirth
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19
Q

causes of mortality 2007

A

cumulative damage, chronic stressors

  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • cerebrovascular disorders
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20
Q

what does the immune system protect the body from?

A

infection

  • invading bacteria
  • viruses
  • foreign bodies
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21
Q

how does stress impact immune system?

A

via cortisol it can directly suppress the activity of the immune system

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22
Q

where are B lymphocytes produced?

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

where T lymphocytes produced

A

thymus gland

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24
Q

what did keller 1983 experiment find under normal conditions

A

inescapable shock lead to reduced B and T cells

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25
Q

what did keller (1983) find when the adrenal cortex was removed?

A

inescapable shock lead to no immune change (because cortisol is no longer being produced) but normal immune response to antigen (bacterial protein)

26
Q

Kiecolt-Glaser et al found that bereavement tended to? what form of bereavement?

A

reduce immune system functioning

caring for others with alzheimer’s marital disease

27
Q

Keicolt et al. 1995 study and findings

A

13 caregivers for relatives with dementia
13 controls
matched for household age and income
gave them a punch biopsy

wounds took longer to heal in caregivers

28
Q

glaser et al 1987, exams and the immune system method

A

blood samples form 40 1st year medical students

1) during exam period
2) 1 month before exams

29
Q

glaser et al 1987, exams and the immune system findings

A

during exams the immune system responses weakened

heightened risk of contracting acute infections
increased risk of epstein burr virus

30
Q

parts of the brain involved in the stress response (HPA axis)

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
adrenal cortex

31
Q

hypothalamus

A

centrally located in the brain
generally involved in homeostasis
involved in the fight or flight response

32
Q

homeostasis hypothalamus

A

thermoregulation
-sweating, panting, shivering
circadian rhythms
satiety and feeding

33
Q

Bard (1928)

A

examined the effects of lesions in cats
removed most of the cerebral cortex either with or without the hypothalamus
intact hypothalamus lead to undirected rage

34
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus release?

A

stress hormones:

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

35
Q

pituitary gland

A

located beneath the hypothalamus
master gland
weighs 0.5 g

36
Q

what does the pituitary gland produce?

A

somatotrophins
thyrotrophins
gondadotrophins
corticotrophins (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

37
Q

what is ACTH

A

stress hormone released by pituitary gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone

38
Q

adrenal glands

A

sit on top of your kidneys

release a set of hormones involved in stress

39
Q

what hormones do the adrenal glands produce?

A

cortisol

epinephrine

40
Q

cortisol

A

released in response to ACTH
metabolism
immune system suppression

41
Q

functions of cortisol

A

reduces levels of inflammation 10-30 minutes after start of the stressor
help regulate blood pressure and sugar
involved in managing bodies use of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
acts on the hypothalamus to down regulate the release of ACTH and CRH

42
Q

fast response to stress (hypothalamus)

A

stimulates the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline, which further increases the affects of the sympathetic nervous system (sympathomedullary system)

stimulates the release of noradrenaline from the locus coeruleus, acts upon brain structures and can enhance attention

fast action is via the autonomic nervous system

43
Q

who coined the term fight or flight?

A

walter cannon

44
Q

effect of adrenaline

A

releases stored forms of energy in muscles (proteins to glucose)

stimulates the heart and other organs

four f’s

45
Q

4 f’s?

A

fight, fright, flight and fuck

46
Q

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

A

animal experiments

chronic exposure to stressors lead to a sequence of three stages

47
Q

Selye’s general adaptation syndrome

A

alarm
resistance
exhaustion

48
Q

alarm

A

arousal of the autonomic nervous system

primarily during first encounter with stressor
(resistance to stressor drops below normal with potential for shock)

stress hormones released into bloodstream

sympathetic nervous system activated

49
Q

resistance (continued exposure to stressor)

A

parasympathetic system returns physiological functions to normal levels

blood glucose, epinephrine and cortisol all remain high

heart rate, blood pressure and breathing all increased

50
Q

what happens to resistance to stressor overtime?

A

it increases, levels out at normal levels

51
Q

what is resistance

A

adaption to environmental stressors

52
Q

when does exhaustion occur?

A

when the stressor continues beyond the body’s capacity and has depleted the available resources

53
Q

what happens in exhaustion?

A

stressor depletes the available resources

loss of ability to adapt to situations

susceptible to illness, even death

54
Q

mobilisation of energy…

A

fatigue, diabetes

55
Q

increased cardiovascular tone…

A

stress induced hypertension

56
Q

suppression of digestion…

A

peptic ulcers

57
Q

suppression of growth…

A

psychogenic dwarfism

58
Q

suppression of reproduction

A

amenorrhea, impotence

59
Q

suppression of immune system…

A

increased disease risk

60
Q

sharpening of cognition….

A

neuron death

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