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brain and behaviour > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

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1
Q

what neurotransmitters accomplish most communication in the brain?

A

glutamate (with excitatory effects)

GABA or glycine -spinal cord (with inhibitory effects

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2
Q

what do effects do all neurotransmitters other than glutamate and GABA have?

A

modulating effects

tend to activate or inhibit entire circuits of neurons that are involved in particular brain functions

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3
Q

psychopharmacology

A

the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behaviour

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4
Q

drug effects

A

the changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological processes and behaviour

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5
Q

what do most drugs effect in the nervous system?

A

synaptic transmission

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6
Q

antagonist

A

a drug that opposed or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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7
Q

agonist

A

a drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell

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8
Q

acetylcholine

A

the primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS

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9
Q

what neurotransmitter is all muscular movement accomplished by?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

what is ACh involved in

A

regulating REM sleep- dreaming (doroslateral pons), perceptual learning (basal forebrain) and memory (hippocampus)

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11
Q

where is ACh found?

A

at the target of parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

what are the general effect of ACh

A

facilitatory

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13
Q

ACh receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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14
Q

nicotinic receptor

A

an ionotropic acetylcholine receptor stimulated by nicotine

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15
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

post synaptic membrane of:

  • all autonomic ganglia
  • All neuromuscular junctions
  • some CNS pathways
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16
Q

what happens when a nicotinic receptor is bound

A

depolarisation, influx sodium and outflux potassium, excitation

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17
Q

muscarinic receptor

A

a metabotropic acetylcholine receptor

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18
Q

what type of receptor is a muscarinic receptor?

A

G protein coupled receptors

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19
Q

what effects does binding of a muscarinic receptor produce?

A

parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscles and glands

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20
Q

effects at muscarinic receptors (excitatory of inhibitory)

A

hyperpolarisation, K+ channels open = inhibition

depolarisation, K+ channels close = excitation

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21
Q

what are nicotinic receptors blocked by?

A

curare

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22
Q

what does curare do?

A

act as the junction between nerve cells and muscles causing paralysis

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23
Q

how does atropine act?

A

by preventing acetylcholine from depolarising the post-synaptic membrane in the parasympathetic branch

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24
Q

what is atropine a treatment for?

A

low heart rate

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25
Q

botulinum toxin

A

acetylcholine antagonist, prevents release by terminal buttons

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26
Q

black widow spider venom

A

a poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine causing convulsions (agonist)

27
Q

the monoamines

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
serotonin

28
Q

why do some drugs effect the activity of all monoamines?

A

because the molecular structures of the substances is similar

29
Q

natural awards

A

food, water, sex, nurturing

30
Q

addiction

A

a state in which an organism engages in compulsive behaviour, behaviour is reinforcing, loss of control for intake

31
Q

addiction

A

a state in which an organism engages in compulsive behaviour, behaviour is reinforcing, loss of control for intake

32
Q

tolerance

A

a state in which an organism no longer responds to a drug, a higher does is needed to exert the same effect

33
Q

dependence

A

a state in which an organism functions normally on the presence of a drug
manifested as a physical disturbance when the drug is withdrawn

34
Q

can you be dependent without being addicted?

A

yes, they are different circuits in the brain

35
Q

cocaine

A

cocaine inhibits dopamine reuptake in the dopaminergic synapse in nucleus accumbens, leading to increased activity of the reward system

36
Q

cocaine effect on metabolic activity

A

glucose reduction

37
Q

nigrostratial system

A

starts in the substantia ganglia, terminates in the basal ganglia
plays a role in the control of movement

38
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

neurological condition caused by degeneration of the nigrostratial system

39
Q

what has parkinsons’s disease been treated with?

A

L-DOPA

40
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease characterised by?

A

tremors
rigidity of the limbs
poor balance
difficulty initiating movements

41
Q

what is serotonin also called

A

5-HT

42
Q

What does serotonin play a role in?

A

regulation of mood, behaviour, endocrine system and pain
control of eating, sleep, dreaming, memory, learning, temp regulation, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction and arousal

43
Q

LSD

A

stimulates centres of the sympathetic nervous system in the midbrain leading to:

pupillary dilation, increase in body temperature, increase in blood sugar levels

44
Q

MDMA

A

a drug that serves as a serotonergic agonist, has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

45
Q

effects of MDMA of serotonin transporters

A

prevent reuptake

work in reverse mode, bring more 5-HT into the synapse

46
Q

acute effects of ecstasy

A

heightened perceptions
reduced appetite
elevated mood
stimulation

47
Q

adverse effects of ecstasy

A 
depression-like feelings 
irritability 
clouded thinking 
hyperthermia 
disturbed behaviour 
jaw clenching
48
Q

long term effects of serotonin

A

neurotoxicity- serotonin levels decreased from before after taking ecstasy
impairments of verbal and visual memory

49
Q

what is believed to be the cause of many cases of mild- severe depression? what symptoms can this lead to?

A

low serotonin levels

symptoms: anxiety, apathy, fear, feelings of worthlessness, insomnia and fatigue

50
Q

antidepressants

A

medications that increase the amount of serotonin levels at the synapse by blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell

51
Q

medications that inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine

A

can be effective in patients with depression

52
Q

elevated levels of ….. found in patients experiencing mania

A

norepinephrine

53
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter and hormone
as a hormone, secreted by the adrenal gland, it works along side epinephrine to give the body sudden energy in times of stress

54
Q

most common neurotransmitters in the CNS

A

glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine

55
Q

glutamate

A

an amino acid, most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

56
Q

NMDA receptor

A

specialised ionotropic glutamate receptor

57
Q

PCP (angel dust)

A

synthetic drug

indirect antagonist of NMDA receptors

58
Q

imbalances in GABA neurotransmitter are linked to

A

bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety disorder

59
Q

most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

60
Q

most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

glycine

61
Q

GABA is a part of the brain system that allows us to:

A

fine tune our moods, thoughts and actions with an incredible level of detail

62
Q

what does GABA provide?

A

necessary inhibitory effect that we need in order to block out excessive brain activity that in depression may lead to negative thinking

63
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

tranquilizer
a category of anxiolytic drugs: an indirect agonist for the GABA A receptor
e.g. valium (diazepam)

brain and behaviour (12 decks)

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