subdivisions of the nervous system Flashcards
when does development of the nervous system begin?
around the 18th day after conception
what happens by the 25th day after conception?
ridges touch each other and fuse together, forming teh neural tube
What does the neural tube give rise to?
the brain and spinal cord
forebrain divides into
lateral and third ventricle
midbrain divides into
cerebral aqueduct
what ventricles doe sthe hindbrain contain?
the fourth ventricle
what subdivisions does the hind brain contain?
metencephalon
myelencephalon
what subdivision does the lateral ventricle contain?
telencephalon
what subdivision does the third ventricle contain?
diencephalon
what subdivision does the cerebral aqueduct contain?
mesencephalon
what principle structures are in the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
limbic system
what principal structures are in the diencephalon?
thalamus
hypothalamus
what principal structures are part of the mesencephalon?
tectum tegmentum
what principal structures are part of the metencephalon?
cerebellum
pons
what principal structures are part of the myelencephalon?
medulla oblongata
what is the largest major division of the brain?
forebrain
what are the three major divisions of the brain?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
what is the cerebral cortex?
thin, wrinkled layer of tissue covering the brain, consisting of two hemispheres
why is the cerebral cortex crumpled up?
to fit the large SA into the skull
grey matter
composed of cell bodies of the neurons
white matter
the axons and dendrites if the neurons- bundles of ‘cables’ connecting regions of the brain and spinal cord
corpus callosum
network joining the two hemispheres and allowing them to communicate
four lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
somatotopic organisation
Correspondence of an area of the brain to a part of the body
primary motor cortex
neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions on the contralateral side of the bosy
primary somatosensory cortex
receives information from the body senses, different regions receive information from different parts of teh body
the primary visual cortex
receives visual information
what is the Brodmann area?
a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics, or structure and organisation of cells
mow many brodmann areas are there?
46
what are many of the Brodmann’s areas defined based solely on?
their neuronal organisation
and have since been closely correlated to diverse cortical functions
limbic system
set of structures involved in learning, memory and emotion
structures of the limbic system
limbic cortex hippocampus amygdala fornix mammillary bodies (part of the hypothalamus)
telencephalon (the basal ganglia)
set of structures involved in processing information for motor movement
major structures of the basal ganglia motor system include:
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
what does basal ganglia control?
movement
diencephalon
part of forebrain consisting largely of the thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
main sensory relay for all senses (expect smell) and the cortex
Nuclei: LGN, MGN
the primary motor cortex neurons
neurons in different regions of the motor cortex connect to muscles in different regions of the contralateral side of the body
where does the the primary somatosensory cortex receive information from?
the body senses, different region receive information from different parts of the body
primary auditory cortex
receives auditory information
primary visual cortex
receives visual information
hypothalamus
set of nuclei involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system, controlling the pituitary gland and producing most of the hormones in control of the endocrine system
what is teh diencephalon primarily concerned with
body and its regulation
fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating
tectum contains the:
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
superior colliculi
subcortical sensory pathway involved in fast eye movements (vision)
inferior colliculi
part of the auditory pathway
what does tegmentum have a role in?
motor movement
tegmentum
1) reticular formation
2) red nucleus
3) substantia nigra
cerebellum
appears as a mini brain
involved in motor coordination and smooth execution of movement
pons
part of reticular formation
involved in sleep and arousal
link between cerebellum and cerebrum
myelencephalon
contains the medulla oblongata
involved in basic life functions such as:
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, heart rate and wake sleep cycles
nervous system divides into
central and peripheral nervous system
CNS divides into
spinal cord and brain
peripheral nervous system divides into
somatic and autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system splits into
afferent and efferent nerves
efferent nerves of autonomic nervous system split into
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system splits into
afferent and efferent nerves
where does the CNS tissue extend caudally from?
the medulla in the brain
what does the spinal cord communicate with?
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
primary components of the spinal cord
dorsal roots
ventral roots
dorsal roots
afferent- carry sensory information to the CNS
ventral roots
efferent- carry sensory information away from the CNS
afferent
to the CNS
efferent
away from teh CNS
where is the peripheral nervous system located?
outside the skill and spine
function of the peripheral nervous system
bring information to CNS, take information away from the CNS
somatic nervous system
part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of muscles and transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodies vegetative functions
what nerves are in teh somatic nervous system?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves involved in processing sensory information and controlling voluntary movement
afferent nerves somatic NS
toward CNS carrying sensory info
efferent nerves SNS
away from CNS conveying motor commands
cranial nerves
12 motor and/or sensory nerves attached to the ventral surface of the brain
sensory and motor functions of the head and neck
spinal nerves
peripheral nerves attached to the spinal cord
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
autonomic nervous system
controls the body’s vegetative functions
regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
arousal and preparing body for an expenditure of energy
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and restore
relaxing the body
what are all nerves in the autonomic nervous system?
efferent
