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PHYSIOLOGY - 1st Year 1st Sem Comprehensive Exam > Subheadings from Boron (All 1st sem topics) by Keim > Flashcards

Subheadings from Boron (All 1st sem topics) by Keim Flashcards

1
Q

____________ is the link between the organ and the gene.

A

Physiological genomics

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2
Q

Cells live in a highly protected _________.

A

millieu interieur

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3
Q

_________________ - operating through sophisticated feedback control mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the constancy of the millieu interieur.

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

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4
Q

Medicine is the study of _____________

A

“physiology gone awry”

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5
Q

The surface of the cell is defined by a _____________.

A

Membrane

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6
Q

The cell membrane is composed primarily of ____________.

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

___________ form complex structures in aqueous solution.

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

The ________ of individual lipids within a leaflet of a bilayer is determined by the chemical makeup of its constituents.

A

diffusion

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer membranes are __________ to charged molecules.

A

Impermeable

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10
Q

The _________ is a bilayer.

A

Plasma membrane

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11
Q

Membrane proteins can be _________ or _________ associated with the plasma membrane.

A

Integrally or peripherally

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12
Q

The membrane-spanning portions of transmembrane proteins are usually ___________.

A

Hydrophobic alpha helices

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13
Q

Some membrane proteins are _______ in the plane of the bilayer.

A

Mobile

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14
Q

_____________ can serve as RECEPTORS.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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15
Q

_______ can serve as ADHESION MOLECULES.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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16
Q

____________ can carry out the transmembrane movement of water-soluble substance.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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17
Q

_____________ can also be ENZYMES.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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18
Q

__________ can participate in intracellular signaling.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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19
Q

___________ participate in intracellular signaling and can form a submembranous cytoskeleton.

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

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20
Q

The ____ is composed of discrete organelles that subserve distinct functions.

A

Cell

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21
Q

The ________ stores, replicates, and reads the cell’s genetic information.

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

___________ digest material derived from the interior and exterior of the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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23
Q

The __________ is the site of oxidative energy production.

A

Mitochondrion

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24
Q

The ___________ is not amorphous but is organized by the cytoskeleton.

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

____________ provide cells with structural support.

A

Intermediate filaments

26
Q

__________ provide structural support and provide the several types of subcellular motility.

A

Microtubules

27
Q

Thin filaments (_______) and thick filaments (______) are present in almost every cell type.

A

Actin

Myosin

28
Q

Secretory and membrane proteins are synthesized in association with the __________.

A

Rough ER

29
Q

Simultaneous protein synthesis and translocation through the __________ requires machinery for signal recognition and protein translocation.

A

Rough ER membrane

30
Q

Proper insertion of membrane protein requires __________________.

A

Start-and-stop-transfer sequence.

31
Q

Newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins undergo post-translational modification and folding in the lumen of the ____________.

A

Rough ER

32
Q

Secretory and membrane proteins follow the __________ through the cell.

A

Secretory pathway

33
Q

___________ control the traffic between the organelles of the secretory pathway.

A

Carrier vesicles

34
Q

Specialized protein complexes, such as _________ and _________ mediate the formation and fusion of vesicles in the secretory pathway.

A

Clathrin and coatamers

35
Q

Newly synthesized proteins are sorted in tthe __________.

A

Trans-golgi network

36
Q

A _______________ is required to target newly synthesized hydrolytic enzymes to lysosomes.

A

Mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker

37
Q

Cells internalize extracellular material and plasma membrane through the process of ________.

A

Endocytosis

38
Q

______________ is responsible for internalizing specific proteins.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

39
Q

Certain molecules are internalized through an alternative process that involves ________.

A

Caveolae

40
Q

___________ form a barrier between the internal and external millieu.

A

Epithelial cells

41
Q

Epithelial cells are __________.

A

Polarized

42
Q

Cells can communicate with one another via _______.

A

Chemical signals

43
Q

____________ interact with target cells via binding to surface or intracellular receptors.

A

Soluble chemical signals

44
Q

Cells can also communicate by direct interactions - _______________.

A

Juxtacrine signalling

45
Q

___________ amplify signals and integrate responses among cell types.

A

Second-messenger systems

46
Q

_________ transduce a chemical signal into an electrical signal.

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

47
Q

________ are heterotrimers that exist in many combinations of different alpha, beta and gamma subunits.

A

G-protein

48
Q

_________ activation follows a cycle.

A

G protein

49
Q

____________ couple to a variety of downstream effectors, including enzymes and ion channels.

A

Activated alpha subunits

50
Q

Beta-gamma subunits can activate _________.

A

Downstream effectors

51
Q

____________ are involved in a vast number of cellular processes.

A

Small GTP-binding proteins

52
Q

cAMP usually exerts its effect by increasing the activity of ___________.

A

Protein kinase A

53
Q

___________ reverse the action of kinases.

A

Protein phosphatases

54
Q

________ exerts its effect by stimulating a nonselective cation channel in the retina.

A

cGMP

55
Q

Many messengers bind to receptors that activate ____________.

A

Phosphoinositide breakdown.

56
Q

______ liberates Ca2+ from intracellular stores.

A

IP3

57
Q

_______ activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.

A

Calcium

58
Q

DAGs and Ca2+ activate _________.

A

Protein kinase C

59
Q

_________ is the primary enzyme responsible for releasing AA.

A

Phospholipase A2

60
Q

Cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and epoxygenases mediate the formation of biologically active ____________.

A

Eicosanoids

61
Q

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes (cyclooxygenase products) are _________, regulate platelet action and modulate ion transport.

A

Vasoactive

PHYSIOLOGY - 1st Year 1st Sem Comprehensive Exam (15 decks)

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