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PHYSIOLOGY - 1st Year 1st Sem Comprehensive Exam > Chapter 11-12-13 Neuronal microenvironment, Physiology of Neurons and Synaptic transmission (2019) - Evals #6 by Keim > Flashcards

Chapter 11-12-13 Neuronal microenvironment, Physiology of Neurons and Synaptic transmission (2019) - Evals #6 by Keim Flashcards

1
Q

EPSP arriving rapidly arriving in succession while first EPSP has not yet been completed. A subsequent EPSP tends to add its amplitude to the preceding EPSP

A

Temporal summation

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2
Q

Neurons resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

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3
Q

Most often neuron’s threshold potential

A

-55 mV

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4
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

GABA

Glycine

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5
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Aspartate

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6
Q

Receptor that has a direct mechanical response to a neurotransmitter binding to it is:

A

Ionotropic

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7
Q

Higher permeability to Ca ions

A

NMDA

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8
Q

Voltage dependent in addition to being ligand-gated

A

NMDA

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9
Q

What mediates the large majority of synaptic inhibition in the CNS?

A

GABA

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10
Q

The larger diameter of axon, the faster its conduction velocity.

A

True

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11
Q

Synaptic transmission at chemical synapses occurs in seven steps:

A

1st – Neurotransmitter molecules are packaged into vesicles and vesicles are concentrated in the presynaptic terminal
2nd – the presynaptic membrane depolarizes, usually as the result of action potential
3rd – depolarization causes voltage-gated Ca channels to open and allow Ca ions to enter the cell
4th – the resulting increase in intracellular Ca triggers fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrance
5th – the transmitter is released into the extracellulr space in quantile amounts and diffuses passively across the synaptic cleft and some bind to the receptors in the post synaptic membrane

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12
Q

Serotonin

A

Raphe nuclei

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13
Q

Dopamine

A

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

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14
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Locus coeruleus

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Septal nuclei and nucleus basali

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16
Q

Organization of nervous system, portion where axons can regenerate

A

PNS

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17
Q

Organization of nervous system, portion where axons cannot regenerate

A

CNS

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18
Q

Cranial nerve not included in the PNS

A

CN II

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19
Q

Part of nervous system that has a functionally distinct system that regulates and controls visceral functions

A

ANS

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20
Q

True of neuronal axon:

A. Initial segment is unmyelinated and is the spike origination zone
B. Axon is thin with 1000x as much cytoplasm
C. Action potential travels by continuous propagation without myelin

A

Paki screenshot then ask Lloyd hahaha.

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21
Q

CNS glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Glial Cells

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22
Q

Saltatory axoplasmic transport movement along microtubules by motor molecules through dynein

A

Fast retrograde

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23
Q

True of glial cels

A

They have much more numerous diversity

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24
Q

Most neurons of the brains are:

A

Multipolar

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25
Q

Predominant electrolyte permeable to astrocyte is:

A

Potassium

26
Q

True

A. Basic physiological properties of all astrocytes are similar
B. Neurotransmitter receptor among astrocytes are different in the brain region
C. Astrocytes store all glycogen and provide neuronal lactate demand

A

No answer. Please edit and answer if you know.

27
Q

As glucose enters the brain from the blood, it initially encounters the:

A

Astrocytic endfoot

28
Q

Development of fully excitatory synapses in the brain rquires the presence of:

A

Astrocytes

29
Q

60 yr old farmer fell down from an 8ft coconut tree, head down resulting to fatal brain injury. The following physiologic changes are sustained:

A. High concentration of neurotransmitter glutamate is released to the brain ECF
B. There is activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors
C. Glial cells swell due to neuronal entry of sodium, water and chloride ions

A

No answer. Please edit and answer if you know.

30
Q

Cerebral edema

A. Brain fluid that accumulates comes from vascular compartment
B. Small increases in intracranial volume have little effect on pressure
C. Additional increases in volume involving potentially life threatening increases in pressure

A

No answer. Please edit and answer if you know.

31
Q

EPSP reaching the soma in combination with EPSP arising from other dendrites on the cell, leads to epsp’s substantially larger than those generated by a single synapse

A

Spatial summation

32
Q

EPSPs arrive in rapid succession, adding more amplitude to the residual of the preceding EPSP

A

Temporal summation

33
Q

Cable theory:

A. Dendritic sattenuation of synapticpotential
B. Predicts how much current flows through the dendritic cytoplasm and its leakage across its membrane
C. Action potential in a thinner dendrite creates no signal as it reaches the axon hillock as compared to the response in the thicker dendrite

A

No answer. Please edit and answer if you know.

34
Q

Density of sodium channels are high only at:

A

Initial segment and node of Ranvier

35
Q

Functions of myelin sheath:

A

Insulator to the axon

Serves to decrease the resistance between axoplasm and the ECF

36
Q

Characteristic of demyelinated axon:

A

Source of spontaneous action potential

Induce crosstalking among other demyelinated fibers

Increase conduction velocity

37
Q

Purkinje cell, large output neuron of cerebellum is best described as:

A

Generating large, sharp action potential if stimulated strongly

Amplifies signal along the entire dendritic length

Has Na channels and rich voltage gated Ca channels

38
Q

40 yr old female executive complained of decreased visual acuity, poor extraocular muscle and eye movement. Positive Lei sign. Electrical sensation felt form back to legs and neck flexion. She diagnosed of multiple sclerosis. True pertaining to disease:

A

An autoimmune disease against myelin, oligodendrocytes and white matter tracts

39
Q

Most common demyelinating PNS disease:

A

Guillain-Barre

40
Q

On 35th embryologic development of the brain, diencephalon seperates into the following neural tissue:
A. Neuropituitary
B. Hypothalamus
C. Thalamus

A

Idk

41
Q

True to the development of nervouse tissue

A. After birth, neurons do notdivide and when lost, is usually not retrieved
B. Main cells that proliferate at injury are microglial cells
C. Neurons have specific locations in the brain and are lost through apoptosis

A

Idk

42
Q

Conducts a spike initiation zone:

A

Initial segment

43
Q

False:

A

Axon hillock is an untampered region.

44
Q

Saltatory movement along microtubules via motor molecule brain dynein:

A

Fast retrograde

45
Q

Synapses undergo long-term changes based on certain patterns of prior activit:

A

Long term potentiation

46
Q

Cholinergic causes alzheimer’s:

A

Acetylcholine

47
Q

Cause of Parkinson’s:

A

Dopamine

48
Q

Purkinje cells:

A

Ca channel

49
Q

Involved in excitatory synapse:

A

Astrocytes

50
Q

Hippocampus:

A

Long term memory

51
Q

Resistance and loss of sensory:

A

Inversely proportional

52
Q

Branching of dendrites:

A

Increase attenuation

53
Q

Found mainly in gray matter:

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

54
Q

Astrocytic endfoot:

A

Glucose

55
Q

Attack oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath:

A

Multiple sclerosis

56
Q

High density of sodium channels

A

Node of Ranvier and initial segment

57
Q

Demyleination two adjacent axons:

A

Crosstalk

58
Q

High recovery rater:

A

Guillain Barre

59
Q

Most common disease for demyelination:

A

Guillain Barre

60
Q

Decrease capacitance:

A

Myelination

61
Q

The thinner the axon, the signal will attenuate prior to arriving at the initial segment that would result to: _________.

A

no action potential

PHYSIOLOGY - 1st Year 1st Sem Comprehensive Exam (15 decks)

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