Chapter 1 and 2 - Foundations of Physiology & Functional Organization of the Cell (2019) - Evals #1 by Keim

Question 1

Homeostatic mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the constancy of the milieu interior. Homeostasis is currently thought of as?

Answer 1

The control of vital parameters

Note: Homeostasis is the control of a vital parameter. (Boron, page 4)

Question 2

One of the most common themes in physiology is the negative-feedback mechanisms which is responsible for homeostasis. Negative-feedback requires at least 4 key elements below, excluding?

Answer 2

A single output signal most often does not operate in isolation but rather as part of a larger network of set points.

Question 3

Homeostasis is currently to be argued to be not in equilibrium because

Answer 3

All of the above

Note: Whether at the level of the milieu intérieur or the cytoplasm of a single cell, homeostasis occurs at a price: energy. (Boron, page 4)

Question 4

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary, which controls the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol, which helps control blood glucose levels. This exhibits what kind of property?

Answer 4

Hierarchy

Note: Finally, the physiologist must also establish hierarchy among various feedback loops. For example, the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary, which controls the adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol, which helps control blood glucose levels. (Boron, page 4)

Question 5

The more vital a parameter is, the more systems that the body mobilizes to regulate it. If one system should fail, others are there to help maintain homeostasis. This exhibits what kind of property?

Answer 5

Redundancy

Note: Another theme of homeostasis is redundancy. The more vital a parameter is, the more systems the body mobilizes to regulate it. If one system should fail, others are there to help maintain homeostasis. It is probably for this reason that genetic knockouts sometimes fail to have their expected deleterious effects. (Boron, page 4)

Question 6

During exercise, the system that controls body core temperature sheds heat by elaborating sweat for evaporation. However, the production of sweat ultimately reduces blood volume the system that controls blood volume will instruct the system that controls body core temperature to reduce the production of sweat. This exhibits what kind of property?

Answer 6

Priority

Question 7

This property depends on the body’s ability to alter its response. Indeed, flexible feedback loops are at the root of many forms of physiological adaptation. For instance, at sea level, experimentally lowering the level of oxygen (the sensory stimulus) in the inspired air causes an increase in breathing (the response).

Answer 7

Adaptability

Question 8

Determine the relative weights of feedback loops with one another
. This exhibits what kind of property?

Answer 8

Competition

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of rough ER in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 9

Protein synthesis

Question 10

It allows proteins to be synthesized and secreted continuously?

Answer 10

Constitutive pathway

Question 11

Sorting that separates apically from basolaterally directled proteins occurs in?

Answer 11

Trans-Golgi Network

Question 12

Protein channel that connects two cells with an unselective pore?

Answer 12

Gap junctions

Question 13

Protection function of protein as:

Answer 13

Recognition particle

Question 14

Membrane Fluidity: Cholesterol.

Answer 14

High temperature = Decreases fluidity

Question 15

Sense chemical signals from external environment?

Answer 15

Cell membrane proteins as RECEPTORS

Question 16

Membrane-bound enzymes are especially prevalent in the cells of the intestine, which participate in the final stages of nutrient digestion and absorption?

Answer 16

Cell membrane proteins as enzymes

Question 17

Type of protein responsible for tissue defense?

Answer 17

Recognition protein

Question 18

Functions of peripheral proteins?

A. Can form a submembranous cytoskeleton
B. Can participate in intracellular signaling
C. Adhesion molecules
D. All of the above

Answer 18

D. all of the above

Question 19

Describes the endoplasmic reticulum, except?

Answer 19

Has Na-K pump

Question 20

A 44-year old female was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. Disruption in the function of which of the following type of membrane proteins are most likely involved?

Answer 20

Adhesion proteins

Question 21

Which of the following proteins are not embedded but are tightly attached to either cytoplasmic or extracellular surface of the plasma membrane?

Answer 21

Peripheral proteins

Question 22

The physical properties of the bilipid layer are dependent on its chemical makeup. The nature of
the head groups of the lipid molecules would determine?

Answer 22

The density of the membrane

Question 23

Communication function of the cell membrane is mainly due to?

Answer 23

Proteins

Question 24

True or False:

The phospholipid bilayer is the fluid structure where phospholipid molecules can freely diffuse
within the entire leaflet which it resides.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Provides a transport pathway between the nucleus and cytoplasm?

Answer 25

Nuclear pore

Question 26

Programmed cell death signal sent by?

Answer 26

Mitochondria

Question 27

Keratin is the primary constituents of nails, hairs, and the outer layers of skin. Which filaments?

Answer 27

Intermediate filaments

Question 28

True of tight junctions?

Answer 28

Impede the flow of molecules between cells

Question 29

Steps in sorting to lysosomal enzymes? (Sequence)

Answer 29

3-1-4-2

1 Receptor-dependent transport of vesicle from Golgi to prelysosomal endosome occurs.

2 Dissociation of M6P

3 M6P binds to M6P receptor in the Golgi and enters a budding vesicle.

4 H pump acidifies the endosome

Question 30

Recognition marker required to target newly synthesized hydrolytic enzymes to lysosomes?

Answer 30

Mannose - 6 phosphate

Question 31

Apical membrane

Answer 31

Faces the lumen

Question 32

GPI-linked characteristics?

Answer 32

All of the above

Question 33

The cell membrane is impermeable to which of the following:

Answer 33

Proteins and nucleic acids

Question 34

The cell membrane is primarily made up of:

Answer 34

Phospholipids

Question 35

Which of the following affects the mobility of lipids within the bilayer aiding in the stiffening of the membrane?

Answer 35

Cholesterol

Question 36

Destruction of the chemical bonds that link proteins to membranes may occur. Which of the following tend to be disrupted with treatment of high salt concentrations?

Answer 36

Ionic

Question 37

Which of the following peripheral membrane protein that anchors fibrils directly to integral membrane proteins.

Answer 37

Ankyrin

Question 38

The following are functions of integral membrane proteins, except:

Answer 38

No exception

Question 39

Membrane proteins have several functions. Which of the following statements are true?

Answer 39

Integrins are adhesion molecules that attach the cells to the extracellular matrix and integral proteins can act as conductance pathway across the lipid bilayer for the passive flow of very large proteins (B & C)

Question 40

The following statements refer to the complex structure of the cell membrane.

Answer 40

Phospholipids with long saturated fatty acids have high transition temperatures.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is/are true for transmembrane movement of water soluble substances?

Answer 41

Alpha-helices that make up the integral proteins which allow passage of ions are amphipathic.

Question 42

Communication function of the cell membrane is mainly due to?

Answer 42

Proteins

Question 43

Which of the following statements are true of diffusion of lipids and proteins in the plane of the membrane?

Answer 43

Membrane fluidity is temperature dependent and transmembrane proteins are large molecules that diffusion is slower that lipids (A&B)

Question 44

All communication functions are done through cell membrane proteins.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

The phospholipid bilayer is the fluid structure where phospholipid molecules can freely diffuse within the entire leaflet which it resides.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the function of rough ER in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 46

Protein synthesis

Question 47

The golgi apparatus is involved in:

Answer 47

all of the above

Question 48

Insulin is a protein that is produced by certain pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following choices best describes the route of your insulin from its production and exit from the cell?

Answer 48

Rough ER > transport vesicles > Golgi > transport vesicles > cell membrane

Question 49

The following cell structure contains the powerful hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting a wide range of materials?

Answer 49

lysosomes

Question 50

Which of the following signals directs the protein to the lysosomes?

Answer 50

Attachment of your terminal mannose-6

Question 51

Protein glycosylation occurs where?

Answer 51

Lumen of RER

Question 52

Which of the following is not a characteristic of tight junctions?

Answer 52

Allow free-flow of cytoplasm between neighboring cells.

Question 53

Unlike other intercellular junctions, it only attaches the cell to its neighbors at potential stress points.

Answer 53

Desmosomes