Subfertility

Question 1

Fertility assessment

Answer 1

1.medical history
2.reproductive history
3.physical examination
4.semen analysis
5.ovulation assessment
6.tubal patency testing
7.genetic testing

Question 2

risk factors

Answer 2

1.female over age of 35
2.male over age of 40
3.overweight or underweight
4.smoking tobacco or marijuana
5.excessive alcohol use
6.excessive to radiation
7.excessive physical or emotional stress
8.certain medications
9.exposure to environmental toxins

Question 3

subfertility assessment

Answer 3

1.semen analysis
2.ovulation monitoring
3. tubal patency

Question 4

factors that cause female subfertility

Answer 4

limited production of FSH & LH
Anovulation
Cervical and vaginal factors
Poor nutrition
uterine factors such as tumors
problems of ova transport

Question 5

factors that cause male subfertility

Answer 5

1.disturbance in spermatogenesis
2.inadequate production of FSH & LH
3.qualitative or quantitative changes in the seminal fluid
4.autoimmunity
5. problems in ejaculation
6.Poor diet and stress

Question 6

• it is an assisted reproductive technique for a woman who does not produce ova. The oocyte is donated by a friend, relative, or an anonymous donor and the menstrual cycles of the donor and recipient are then synchronized by administration of gonadotropic hormones at time of ovulation.

Answer 6

surrogate embryo transfer

Question 7

• is a type of assistive reproductive technology. It involves retrieving eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm.

Answer 7

In-vitro fertilization

Question 8

• is a 3 step procedure that involves removing the eggs, combining them with sperm and immediately placing them in the fallopian tubes wherein the egg is fertilized. This is only an option if the woman has a healthy uterus and fallopian tubes.

Answer 8

gamete intrafallopian transfer (gif)

Question 9

• similar to gift but also uses ivftin-vitro-fertilization). Eggs are stimulated and collected using IVF methods. Then eggs are mixed with sperm in the lab. Fertilized eggs are then returned to the fallopian tubes with laparoscopic surgery.

Answer 9

zygote intrafallopian transfer (zift)

Question 10

It is a sonographic examination of the fallopian tubes and uterus using an ultrasound contrast agent introduced into the uterus through a narrow catheter inserted into the uterine cervix followed by intravaginal scanning.
-with dye

Answer 10

Sonohysterography

Question 11

similar to a Sonohysterography-except a radiopaque contrast medium is used and the fallopian tubes are revealed by X-ray.

Answer 11

Hysterosalpingography

Question 12

• It is begun with the instillation of a paracervical local anesthetic block followed by introduction of a hysteroscope into an incision just behind the cervix through the cul-de-sac of Douglas into the peritoneal cavity.
invasion

Answer 12

Transvaginal Hydrolaparoscopy

Question 13

• It is a visual inspection of the uterus through the insertion of a hysteroscopy (a thin hollow tube) through the vagina, cervix, and into the uterus.

Answer 13

Hysteroscopy

Question 14

• This is used to reveal an endometrial problem, such as luteal phase defect.

Answer 14

Uterine endometrial biopsy

Question 15

• It is the introduction of a thin, hollow, lighted tube (a fiber optic telescope or laparoscope) through a small incision in the abdomen, just under the umbilicus, to examine the position and state of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Answer 15

Laparascopy

Question 16

estrogen agonist commonly used to stimulate the ovary

Answer 16

clomiphene

Question 17

given if a man testosterone levels are too low

Answer 17

testosterone replacement therapy

Question 18

Can help to treating autoimmune conditions and treat hormonal imbalance that could be likely a factor to the underlying condition.

Answer 18

steroids

Question 19

Used
to treat
condition
called
varicocele(abnormal enlargement of veins in the scrotum›.

Answer 19

Percutaneous embolization

Question 20

These microsurgical procedures are performed to repair obstructions in the vas deferens or epididymis, thereby restoring the natural flow of sperm.

Answer 20

vasovasostomy

Question 21

vitamins C and E, selenium, and zine may reduce oxidative stress and improve sperm function.

Answer 21

antioxidant supplementation

Question 22

womens ovaries do not release eggs regularly or at all making conception difficult

Answer 22

ovulation problems

Question 23

ovaries lose their normal reproductive function,reducing fertility

Answer 23

Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR)

Question 24

hormonal disorder that can disrupt ovulation or cause irregular ovulation, making conception more challenging

Answer 24

Pcos

Question 25

when ovaries cease functioning properly before age of 40. leads t reduced estrogen production and irregular or absent menstrual cycle

Answer 25

Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) Premature Menopause

Question 26

low levels of FSH & LH due to hypothalamus or pituitary dysfunction,leading to impared ovarian function

Answer 26

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Disorders

Question 27

when fallopian tubes are blocked dur to disease,damage,scarring or obstructions PID >ectopic pregnancy formation of tumor

Answer 27

Fallopian Tube Obstruction

Question 28

structural anomalies of the uterus,either congenital or acquired, can impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes

Answer 28

uterine abnormalities

Question 29

The womb has a wall of muscle coming down the center splitting the space in two.

Answer 29

Septate Uterus

Question 30

It is split in two, with each side having its own cavity. This usually affects the womb and cervix, but it can also affect the vulva, bladder, urethra and vagina

Answer 30

didelphic womb

Question 31

The womb has a deep indentation at the top. There is a slightly higher risk of miscarriage and preterm birth.

Answer 31

Bicornuate uterus

Question 32

The womb is half the size of a normal womb because one side didn't develop. There is an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, late miscarriage or preterm birth.

Answer 32

Unicornuate womb

Question 33

Non cancerous growth that develop in or out of the uterus. The growths are made up of muscle and fibrous tissue that may vary in size.

Answer 33

Fibroids

Question 34

the most common type of fibroid, which develop in the muscle wall of the womb.

Answer 34

Intramural fibroids

Question 35

fibroids that develop outside the wall of the womb into the pelvis and can become very large.

Answer 35

Subserosal fibroids

Question 36

fibroids that develop in the muscle layer beneath the womb's inner lining and grow into the cavity of the womb.

Answer 36

Submucosal fibroids