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ENT SM > Stuffy Noses > Flashcards

Stuffy Noses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells are involved in a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Mast cell
Histamine
Leukotrienes

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2
Q

What types of drugs might we prescribe for a stuffy nose

A

Topical corticosteroids
anti-histamines
decongestants
Anticholinergics

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3
Q

What are the 4 core nasal symptoms

A

Blockage
Loss of smell
Discharge
Facial pain

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4
Q

What are 4 less common nose related symptoms

A

sneezing
itch
crusting epistaxis

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5
Q

What are 5 secondary symptoms to nasal problems

A 
dry mouth 
sore throat 
snoring 
halitosis 
loss of taste
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6
Q

What 3 factors are important to consider on examining a nose

A

Rhinoscopy
Airway patency
External nose

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7
Q

What are some cases of rhinitis

A

Infective - viral URTI

non - infective - allergic or non allergic

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8
Q

Describe the normal mucosa of the nose

A

Pink
not inflamed
no discharge

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9
Q

What are some symptoms of allergic conditions

A

Rubbing nose
Itchy palate
Itchy eyes
Allergic crease on the nose

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10
Q

What are 3 intermittent causes of allergic rhinitis

A

Grass pollen
Tree pollen (spring)
Fungal spores

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11
Q

What are 3 peresistent causes of allergic rhinitis

A

House dust mite
dog
cat

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12
Q

What should be prescribed if a patient has sneezing and itching

A

Antihistamines

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13
Q

What should be prescribed if the patient has nose block

A

topical Steroids

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14
Q

What should be prescribed if the patient has an itch and sneezy as well as nasal block

A

Topical steroids and antihistamine

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15
Q

Describe the appearance of bad nasal polyps on a CT scan

A

No air (black) areas in the sinus as they are completely blocked

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16
Q

What are nasal polyps often associated with

A

Non-allergic asthma

17
Q

How do we trat nasal polyps

A

Oral then topical steroids

If no better then surgery

18
Q

What are the 3 main features of acute infective rhino sinusitis

A

Facial pain
discharge
nasal blockage

19
Q

How can we treat acute infective rhinosinusitis

A

analgesics and decongestants

if persisting / worsening - antibiotic

20
Q

What can ethmoid cells infection cause

A

An infection affecting the orbit due to the location of the optic nerve

21
Q

What happens with a pericellular orbit

A

Pus within the orbit - medical emergency that requires surgical drainage
High rate of blindness that could result in death

22
Q

What age of patients are at risk of developing pericellular orbit

A

18/19 year old males or children

23
Q

What is the main symptom for vasomotor rhinitis

A

Nasal drip in the elderly

24
Q

What is the treatment for vasomotor rhinitis

A

Ipaitropium

25
Q

What is the most common diagnosis of infective rhinitis

A

Rhinosinusitis

26
Q

What 2 investigations should not be carried out in rhinitis

A

Nasal X ray or sinus X ray

27
Q

What investigations should be carried out for rhinitis

A

Skin prick test

RAST (IgE levels)

28
Q

What is the management of non-infective rhinitis

A

Allergen/ irritant avoidance
House dust mite
Change drug therapy (antihypertensives can cause non-infective rhinitis)
Lower alcohol intake

29
Q

What can be prescribed for non-infective rhinitis

A

Topical nasal steroids
Antihistamine if appropriate
Topical anticholinergic - for vasomotor rhinitis

30
Q

What is the management for infective rhino sinusitis

A

Nasal decongestant
Analgesia
? Broad spectrum antibiotic

31
Q

What makes up the nasal pyramid

A

Upper 1/3 bony vault
Middle 1/3 cartilage vault
Lower 1/3 cartilage vault

32
Q

What can happen to the nasal septum in trauma

A

It can be dislocated off of the floor of the nose without the nasal bones being affected

33
Q

What could happen if a nasal trauma-septal haematoma was left

A

It could cause the cartilage of the nose to fold and become crumpled as it does not have its own blood supply
Death of cartilage

34
Q

What is a rhinoplasty

A

Where the nasal bones need to be brought together to ultimately improve the airway

35
Q

What condition can males get that females can’t in the nose

A

Angiofibroma

36
Q

If a child presents with unilateral nasal discharge what is the most likely cause and what should you do

A

Foreign body

Refer urgently

37
Q

If an adult presents with unilateral nasal discharge what is the most likely cause and what should you do

A

Paranasal tumour

Refer urgently

38
Q

What is a complication of acute sinusitis

A

Orbital cellulitis

39
Q

What should you do for a patient with a suspected orbital cellulitis

A

Emergency referral
Scan
Drain the puss before loss of vision occurs

ENT SM (19 decks)

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