Anatomy 3 Flashcards
What is the anterior boundary of the oral cavity
Upper and lower teeth
What is the inferior boundary of the oral cavity
Floor of mouth / tongue
What is the superior boundary of the oral cavity
Hard palate and soft palate
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity
Oropharynx
What is the floor of the mouth
Underneath the tongue
What is the vein(s) that runs in the floor of the mouth called
Lingual vein
Right and left
What is the function of the lingual vein
For delivering drugs sublingually e.g. GTN spray
What happens if a patient has a tongue tie
The frenulum is too short and therefore binds the tongue to the gingivae of the lower incisor teeth
What are salivary glands
Accessory organs of the GI tract
What are the names of the major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Where is the parotid gland situated
On the master muscle in front of the ear
Where is the submandibular gland located
Just under the mandible
Where is the sublingual gland located
Deep underneath the tongue
How much saliva do the major salivary glands produce
90% of daily total of 500-750 ml
Where are the minor salivary glands located
oral mucosa
lips
cheeks
palate
What is the function of the minor salivary glands
Keep the mouth moist
Describe the course of the parotid duct
It runs over the masseter (superficial) and then turns at a nearly right angle and pierces medially through the buccinator muscle around the upper 2nd molar
Describe the submandibular duct
It runs on the posterior aspect of the mandible
It has superficial and deep parts
The deep part is underneath the mandible
In the floor of the mouth
What major salivary duct is palpable
Submandibular gland
What is the muscle of the floor of the mouth
Mylohyoid
what does the chorda tympani connect to
The lingual nerve branch of CN V3
What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression
CN VII
What nerve supplies the submandibular salivary gland
CN VII parasympathetic axons
What is strange about the nerve innervation to the parotid
The facial nerve passes right through it but does not supply it
CN IX supplies it
Describe the course of CN IX
It comes out of the jugular foramen and gives off a branch that goes towards thematic ganglion which hangs off of CN V3
What happens at the otic ganglion
There is a synapse and theres is another branch of V3 (auriculotemporal) which heads back along towards the ear
What is the tongue made from?
What is the tongue covered with
Skeletal muscle (voluntary action) Lingual mucosa
Describe the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue including location and nerve supply
Horizontal
in the oral cavity
general sensory = CN V3
Special sensory = CN VII
Describe the posterior 1/3r of the tongue
Vertical
Not in oral cavity
General and sensory supply = CNIX
What is the foramen caecum and where is it found
Origin of the thyroid gland
At the apex of the terminal groove
Where is the dividing line for the anterior and posterior sections of the tongue
The terminal groove or sulcus
Foramen caecum lies here
Describe the movement of thyroid swellings on swallowing. Why do they do this
Superiorly then inferiorly
Due to their attachment to the larynx
Where would a thyroglossal duct cyst or ectopic thyroid tissue be found
Int he midline migratory path
I.e. down the foramen caecum
Tongue muscles are all intrinsic. True or false
False there are both intrinsic and extrinsic - i.e. an attachment of each one is not on the tongue
What is the function of the tongue muscles
They suspend the tongue and hold it in place
Also allow us to change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech
Name the extrinsic tongue muscles
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Where are the 4 pairs of skeletal intrinsic muscles of the tongue located
Located mainly dorsally / posteriorly
What is the main function of the skeletal intrinsic muscles of the tongue
To modify the shape of the tongue during function
What nerve supplies the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
The hypoglossal nerve apart from the palatoglossus which is supplied by vagus
What are all of the palate muscles supplied by
Vagus
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the cranium fossa
The hypoglossal canal in the posterior cranial fossa
How can we clinically test the function of CNXII
Ask the patient to stick their tongue out
What would happen if there was unilateral damage to CNXII
The tip of the tongue will point towards the side of the injured nerve
How is blood supplied to the tongue
Via a loop of the lingual artery
How does the hypoglossal nerve pass into the tongue
Anteriorly through the neck lateral to the loop of the lingual artery
What is the Vermillion border
A really faint white line that usually runs between the mucous membrane covering the lips and the actual skin
Why is the Vermillion border important
It gives your lips shape
What is located in the space between the arches of the soft palate
Palatine tonsil
What bones make up the hard palate
The maxillary bones
Palatine bones
Median suture
What is the function of the palatine foramina
For nerves (branches of CNV2) and vessels
What is the mucosa on the hard palate classified as
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
What makes up the soft palate
Muscle
No bone
Really thick aponeurosis
What are the 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate called
Levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
What nerve supplies the skeletal muscles of the soft palate
All by Vagus nerve except tensor veil palatini
What muscle of the soft palate is longitudinal
Palatopharyngeus
What are the functions of the soft palate
Stops food entering the nose during swallowing
Directs air into the nose or the mouth during speech, sneezing, coughing and vomiting
Helps to close off the entrance into the oropharynx during the gag reflex
How can we test the function of CNX and CN V3 clinically
Ask the patient to say aahh
What is an indication that nerves CNX and CNV3 are working normally
The uvula should lift straight up in the midline
What is an indication that there is a unilateral nerve pathology of CNX and CNV3
The uvula will be pulled away from the non-functioning side by the normal side
Describe how the muscles around the pharynx are arranged
The external layer overlap each other like cups getting stacked together
What nerve innervates the muscles of the pharynx
Vagus
Where do all of the muscles of the pharynx insert
Onto the middling earth
How do the muscles of the pharynx contract
Sequentially
Where does the stylopharyngess muscle come from
The styloid process
Where is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle
cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube
Where do all o the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert
onto the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage
What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
To elevate the pharynx and larynx
Through what structure can you access the larynx
The laryngeal inlet
Where is the lingual tonsil located
In the mucosa of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
What structures make up Waldeyer’s (defensive) ring of lymphoid tissue
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
What is meant by the regional lymph nodes
The group of lymph nodes that FIRST receive the lymph that has drained from a given structure
Where does the palatine tonsil drain to
The jugulo-digastric node that drains the palatine tonsil
What are the regional lymph nodes for the tip of the tongue
Submental nodes
Where are the deep cervical nodes located
In the carotid sheath
Describe how lymph nodes are in infection
swollen painful soft smooth not fixed to adjacent structures improve rapidly with antibiotics
Describe how lymph nodes are in cancer
Swollen not painful hard irregular fixed do not improve
