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ENT SM > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 7 parts of the external nose

A 
Root
Dorsum
tip
ala (wings of the nose) 
nostril
septum
philitrum (of upper lip)
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2
Q

What is the function of the nasal septum

A

To divide the nose into two nasal cavities

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3
Q

Why should adrenaline-containing local anaesthetics not be used near the nasal cartilages

A

It is a vasoconstrictor and as the cartilage is avascular, it relies on nutrient diffusion from other structures (skin) and so nutrients won’t get to the cartilage if the skin is vasoconstricted

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4
Q

What bones make up the nasal cavity

A 
Frontal
Nasal 
Ethmoid
Nasal concha
Maxillae (1 either side) 
vomar
sphenoid
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5
Q

What does the vomar bone do

A

It makes up the septum

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6
Q

What is the roof od the nasal cavity formed from

A

cribriform plate and crista galli of ethmoid bone

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7
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone (either as air cells or orbital plates)

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8
Q

What makes up the septum of the nasal cavity

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

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9
Q

What separates the brain from the nasal cavity

A

Only the cribriform plate and crista galli

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10
Q

What type of Le Fort Fracture(s) can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

2 and 3

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11
Q

What is the danger of the cribriform plate being broken

A

This would result in a physical connection that would allow infection to spread from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses into the anterior cranial fossa

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12
Q

What is one of the main features of a Le Fort Fracture 3

A

It involves the zygomatic bones and extends up to the superior orbital

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13
Q

Why would a septal haematoma be incised and drained ?

A

To prevent avascular necrosis of the septal hyaline cartilage which depends on diffusion of nutrients from its attached nasal mucosa

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14
Q

What wall has more features? The medial or lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Lateral

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15
Q

What are both the septum and lateral walls covered by

A

Mucosa

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16
Q

What are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity lined with

A

area 1 - keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
area 2 - respiratory epithelium
Area 3 - olfactory mucosa

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17
Q

What is the function of area 1 of the nasal cavity

A

protection

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18
Q

What is the function of area 2 of the nasal cavity

A

Mucous secretes goblet cells, cilia, moisture and protection for the rest o the respiratory system

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19
Q

What is the function of area 3 of the nasal cavity

A

Where you get your sense of smell from

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20
Q

Why can’t you smell anything unless it is aqueous

A

The nerve cells cannot detect it in any other form

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21
Q

What does cranial nerve 1 do

A

Gives you the sense of smell

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22
Q

Where are receptor cells found and what is their function

A

In the olfactory mucosa

they are the 1st neurones in the chain as they pick up the smell

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23
Q

What is the olfactory bulb

A

A collection of nerve cell bodies (ganglion)

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24
Q

Where does the olfactory tract end

A

In the temporal lobe

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25
Q

What nerve innervates the nasal cavity

A

The trigeminal nerve

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26
Q

What nerve supplies the anteriorperior section of the nasal cavity

A

Ophthalmic (CNVa)

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27
Q

What nerve supplies the posterioinferior section of the nasal cavity

A

Maxillary (CNVb)

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28
Q

Where does the blood supply to the nasal cavity originate form

A

The external and internal carotid arteries

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29
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the external carotid artery involved

A

Facial and Maxillary

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30
Q

What is the main branch of the internal carotid artery

A

Ophthalmic

31
Q

Inferior branches of the facial artery supply the nasal cavity. True or False

A

False - it is the superior branches

32
Q

Of what artery is the sphenopalatine artery a branch of

A

Maxillary artery

33
Q

Of what artery is the ethmoidal arteries a branch of

A

Ophthalmic artery

34
Q

What is found in the Kiesselbach’s area

A

An arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum

35
Q

Where is a common site of epistaxis (90% of nosebleeds)

A

Kiesselbach’s area

36
Q

What is the pneumonic for the arteries that contribute to the Kiesselbach’s area. Name these arteries

A 
LEGS 
Labial
Ethmoidal
Greater palatine
Sphenopalantine
37
Q

What are the names of the 3 conchae in the nasal cavities

A

Superior, middle and inferior

38
Q

What conchae is not part of the ethmoid

A

Inferior

39
Q

What are the conchae covered by

A

Mucosa

40
Q

What are the functions of the conchae

A

Efficient exchange of respiratory gasses - need to be warmed and humidified
Getting drid of toxins we inhale

41
Q

Why is it a good feature that the air becomes turbulent in the conchae

A

Helps to get rid of dirt and dust as it will be trapped in the respiratory mucosa

42
Q

What are the spaces below each conchae called

A

Meatuses

43
Q

What is the function of the meatuses

A

The paranasal sinuses drain into these areas via small holes under the conchae

44
Q

What are the names of the meatuses

A

Sphenoethmoidal (recess)
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus

45
Q

What forms the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer (posteriorly) and the septal cartilages - hyaline (anteriorly)

46
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity

A

The right and left maxillae (anteriorly) and the palatine bones (posteriorly)

47
Q

What makes up respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified columnar cells with cilia and goblet (mucous -secreting) cells

48
Q

What is the correct term of the “holes” in the recesses and meatuses of the lateral walls which allow drainage

A

Ostia

Ostium (singular)

49
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled spaces within bones

50
Q

How many sinuses does the frontal bone have

A

2, separated by bony septum

51
Q

How many sinuses does the maxillae have

A

2 (antra)

52
Q

How many sinuses does the ethmoid bone

A

2 sets of ethmoidal air cells on either side of the ethmoid bone

53
Q

How many sinuses does the sphenoid bone

A

1 or 2

54
Q

What is the function of the sinuses

A

Unknown but many theories so far

55
Q

Eventually, where do all sinuses drain to

A

The nasal cavity via ostia in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

56
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain to

A

The middle meatus

57
Q

Where do the ethmoidal cells drain into

A

The superior and middle meatuses

58
Q

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into

A

The sphenoethmoidal recess

59
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into

A

The middle meatus

60
Q

What is the most posterior sinus

A

Sphenoid sinus

61
Q

What forms the ethmoidal bulla

A

Ethmoidal cells push int the nasal cavity and form a bump

62
Q

Where do most sinuses drain into

A

The middle meatus

63
Q

What does the lacrimal gland produce

A

Tears

64
Q

Where does lacrimal fluid drain into

A

The nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior meatus of nasal cavity

65
Q

What causes sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the mucosa of paranasal sinuses

66
Q

What are some causes of sinusitis

A

Infection
Allergy
Autoimmune issues

67
Q

How can cold weather or smoking cause sinusitis

A

Cilia of respiratory mucosa waft mucous towards ostia but are slowed down in these conditions = less efficient

68
Q

What can a viral URTI do in terms of sinusitis

A

Can cause swelling of mucho, reducing diameter of the ostia

69
Q

Why is sinusitis painful

A

Sensation is provided by both CN V1 and V2

70
Q

Where might pain from sinusitis be referred to

A

Teeth

71
Q

What sinus is predisposed to inflammation and why

A

Maxillary
the ostia are located superiorly in the medial wall of the sinus compared to the floor - the sinus has to drain against gravity

72
Q

What separates the roots of teeth and the maxillary sinus

A

A thin layer of mucosa

73
Q

What might result in an or-antral fistula

A

Extraction of a tooth

74
Q

What could spread an infection of a dental abscess into the antrum

A

The roots of the upper teeth

ENT SM (19 decks)

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