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ENT SM > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the thinnest part of the skull

A

Pterion (was called God’s little joke)

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2
Q

What runs behind the Pterion

A

The middle meningeal artery

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3
Q

What does the temporal bone contain

A

organs of hearing and balance (special sensory)

Facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

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4
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid attach

A

The mastoid process

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5
Q

What bones make up the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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6
Q

What bones make up the middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid and temporal (majority)

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7
Q

What bones make up the posterior cranial fossa

A

Temporal and occipital (majority)

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8
Q

What bone makes up part of the middle and posterior cranial fossae

A

Temporal

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9
Q

Pathology in the internal acoustic meatus (e.g. and acoustic neuroma) could cause damage to what

A

CNs VII and VIII

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10
Q

Where does CN 1 pass through

A

Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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11
Q

Where does CN 2 pass through

A

Optic canal

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12
Q

What nerves pass through eh superior orbital fissure

A

3,4,5a and 6

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13
Q

What nerve passes through the foramen rotunda

A

5b

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14
Q

What nerve passes through the foramen oval

A

5c

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15
Q

What passes through the intracranial opening of the carotid canal

A

Carotid artery

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16
Q

What nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus

A

7 and 8

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17
Q

What nerves pass through he jugular foramen

A

9, 10, 11

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18
Q

What nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

12

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19
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum

A

Spinal cord

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20
Q

Where is the external ear

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane via external acoustic meatus

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21
Q

Where is the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane to oval window and eustachian tube

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22
Q

Where is the internal ear

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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23
Q

What is the main function of the external ear

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

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24
Q

What is the main function of the middle ear

A

Amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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25
Q

What is the main function of the internal ear

A

Converts special sensory information:

  1. into fluid waves
  2. then APs
  3. conducts APs to the brain
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26
Q

What is the tympanic membrane more commonly known as

A

Ear drum

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27
Q

What is the majority of the external ear made up of

A

Elastic cartilage but the lobe is not cartilage

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28
Q

What is the EAM made up of

A

2/3rds bony and 1/3rd cartilage

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29
Q

What lines the EAM

A

Skin

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30
Q

What is ear wax also known as

A

Cerumin (produced via ceruminous glands

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31
Q

What is the ear lobe made up of

A

Fibrous and fatty tissue

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32
Q

What is the nerve supply to the skin of the auricle

A

Most comes from C2/C3

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33
Q

What other nerves innervate near the EAM

A

Maxillary and Facial

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34
Q

Why is the auricle lymphatic drainage important

A

Auricles are prone to skin cancer which can metastasise

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35
Q

Where does the lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain

A

Parotid lymph nodes

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36
Q

Where does the lymph from the cranial surface of superior half of the auricle drain

A

Mastoid lymph nodes (and deep cervical)

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37
Q

Where does lymph from the rest of the auricle drain

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

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38
Q

Where does all of the lymph associated with the auricle drain eventually

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes, thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct and then the venous angle

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39
Q

What is the main difference for examining a child’s ear to an adults ear?

A

Child - gently pull auricle posteroinferiorly

Adult - gently pull posterosuperiorly

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40
Q

What is the most important structure in the ear to identify and describe its appearance

A

The umbo

The most depressed part of the tympanic membrane

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41
Q

What is the nerve supplying the external surface of the tympanic membrane

A

Mostly CN V3

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42
Q

What is the nerve supplying the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

A

CN IX

43
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve provide

A 
Sensory innervation to: 
Middle ear cavity 
Eustachian tube 
Nasopharynx 
Oropharynx 
Tonsils
44
Q

What are other names for the Eustachian Tube

A

Auditory tube or pharyngotmypanic tube

45
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube

A

To help equalise pressure with the atmospheric pressure

46
Q

Why can tonsilitis mimic earache

A

They have a common sensory nerve supply (CN IX) and causes referred pain

47
Q

What are the bones in the middle ear called and what is the type of joint between them?

A

The auditory ossicles

Synovial joint

48
Q

What are the names of the middle ear bones

A

Incus (anvil)
Malleus (Mallet)
Stapes (stirrup)

49
Q

What causes the jumbo to be depressed

A

The malleus pulling on it

50
Q

What lies posterior to the tympanic membrane

A

Tympanic cavity proper (middle cavity proper)

51
Q

What is the aditus

A

A doorway into the mastoid bone from the epitympanic recess

52
Q

What is mastoiditis due to

A

Spread of infection from the middle ear cavity

53
Q

What forms the promontory on the medial wall

A

The cochlea of the internal ear. Bony parts can push into the wall and make a bump

54
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity found

A

In the petrous temporal bone

55
Q

What can cause other bumps in the medial wall of the middle ear

A

Semicircular canals

56
Q

What does the facial nerve run through

A

The internal acoustic meatus (runs back and down the posterior wall of the middle ear)

57
Q

Eventually, where does the facial nerve pass into

A

The stylomastoid foramen

58
Q

What are the 4 aspects of the facial nerve

A

Special sensory
sensory
motor
parasympathetic

59
Q

What is meant by the cranial nerve course

A

Where it comes from , how it runs, how it gets to where its goingg

60
Q

Where does the facial nerve connect to the CNS

A

Ponstomedullary centre

Brainstem at junction between pons and medulla

61
Q

Describe the intracranial part of the course of the facial nerve

A

Directly into the internal acoustic meatus in the posterior cranial fossa

62
Q

Describe the facial nerve’s base of skull course

A

Through the petrous temporal bone

63
Q

What is the chorda tympani

A

A brand of CN VII

64
Q

What does the chorda tympani do

A

Supplies the taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
Parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (salivation)

All of the special sensory nerves.

65
Q

What is the smallest skeletal muscle in the body

A

The stapedius

66
Q

What is the function of the stapedius

A

It reduces the stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

67
Q

What supplies the stapedius

A

CN VII

68
Q

What branch does the facial nerve give off just before the stylomastoid foramen

A

Chorda tympani

69
Q

What does the chords tympani connect to

A

The lingual nerve branch of CNV3

70
Q

What do the parasympathetic axons of CN VII supply

A

The submandibular salivary gland

71
Q

name the 4 main muscles of facial expression

A

Frontalis
Oribuclaris oculi
Elevators of lips
Orbicularis oris

72
Q

What do we get a patient to do in order to test the nerves supplying the muscles of facial expression

A

Frown
Close eyes tightly
smile
puff out cheeks

73
Q

What gives the appearance of sunken cheeks and is a clinical sign of malnutrition

A

Buccal fat pad

74
Q

Where do the muscles of facial expression originate and insert

A

Originate on bone and insert into superficial fascia

75
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression

A

Motor function of CN VII

76
Q

What is the name of the area found around the lips that must be very carefully sutured by a specialist if there is a laceration

A

Vermillion border

77
Q

What is Bell’s palsy

A

A condition that can cause temporary weakness or paralysis of of the muscles in one side of the face

78
Q

Where does the internal ear run to and from

A

The oval window to the internal acoustic meatus

79
Q

Where is the internal ear located

A

Th petrous part of the temporal bone

80
Q

What is the function of the internal ear

A

To convert special sensory information

81
Q

What are the two parts of CN VIII

A

Cochlear nerve and vestibular nerve

82
Q

What does the cochlear nerve control

A

Hearing

83
Q

What does the vestibular nerve control

A

Balance

84
Q

Describe the density of the otic capsule bone to the surrounding temporal bone

A

It is denser in the otic capsule

85
Q

What does the otic capsule contain

A

Bony labyrinth - fluid (perilymph) filled

86
Q

What is suspended within perilymph of the bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth
Communicating sacs and ducts
contains endolymph fluid

87
Q

What is perilymph similar to

A

Extracellular fluid

88
Q

What are the 2 windows of the labyrinth

A

Oval and round windows

89
Q

What fluid is found on the outermost part of the semicircular canal

A

Periplymph

90
Q

What fluid is found floating inside the perilymph

A

Endolymph

91
Q

How many turns does the cupula make

A

2.5

92
Q

What are the names of the 3 semicircular canals

A

Anterior, lateral and posterior

93
Q

What is the cochlear duct a bit like

A

A long balloon-like structure

94
Q

What is the cochlear duct filled with

A

Endolymph

95
Q

What are the semicircular ducts a bit like

A

Inter-linked balloon-like structures

96
Q

What are the semicircular ducts filled with

A

Endolymph

97
Q

Cochlear ducts connect to which nerve

A

Cochlear nerve

98
Q

Semicircular ducts connect to which nerve

A

vestibular nerve

99
Q

Give an overview of how sound is transmitted within the ear

A
  1. Sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate
  2. Vibrations are transmitted through ossicles
  3. Base of stapes (foot) vibrates in the oval window
  4. Vibration of stapes creates pressure waves in perilymph
  5. Hair cells in the cochlea are moved, neurotransmitter is released and Action Potentials are stimulated and conveyed to the brain by the cochlear nerve
  6. Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
  7. Pressure waves are dampened at the round window
100
Q

What is the function of the round window in sound transmission

A

It dampens down the pressure waves and dissipates the sound waves into the oval window

101
Q

Where do CN VII and CN VIII connect with the brainstem

A

At the junction between the pons and the medulla oblongata

102
Q

Name 4 symptoms associated with pathology of CN VII

A

Ispilateral loss of facial expression
Ipsilateral loss of taste
Dry mouth (reduced ipsilateral salivation)
Reduced general sensation in the auricle (immediately posterior to the tragus)

103
Q

What are some symptoms associated with pathology of CN VIII

A

Ipsilateral los of hearing (cochlear nerve)

Ispilateral loss of balance (vestibular nerve)

ENT SM (19 decks)

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