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ENT SM > Physiology of Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Physiology of Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of receptors are for taste and smell

A

Chemoreceptors

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2
Q

What does stimulation of taste and smell receptors induce

A

A pleasurable or objectionable sensation

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3
Q

What does taste and smell provide

A

A checkpoint for quality control

e.g. off food, poison etc.

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4
Q

What does taste and smell also affect when in association with food intake

A

Flow of digestive juices

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5
Q

What is taste perception influenced by

A

Information from smell receptors

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6
Q

Where are the sensory receptor cells of taste located

A

Packaged in the taste buds

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7
Q

What are the taste buds

A

Organs of taste

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8
Q

What do taste buds consist of

A

sensory receptor cells and support cells arranged like slices of orange

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9
Q

What is the life span of a taste receptor cell

A

10 days

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10
Q

What are the taste receptor cells replaced form

A

Basal cells within the taste buds

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11
Q

What do taste receptor cells within taste buds synapse with

A

Afferent nerve fibres

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12
Q

Where are taste buds located

A

tongue
palate
epiglottis
pharynx

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13
Q

Where are the majority of taste buds

A

In the papillae of the tongue

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14
Q

Describe the appearance of papillae

A

Finger like structures which give rise to the rough appearance of the dorm of the tongue
Seen as little red dots or raised bumps

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15
Q

How many types of papillae do we have?

Name these

A 
4
Filiform 
fungiform
vallate
foliate
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16
Q

What type of papillae do not contain taste buds

A

Filiform

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17
Q

What alters cell ionic channels to produce depolarising receptor potential

A

Binding of taste provoking chemical (tastant)

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18
Q

The receptor potential initiates what

A

Aciton potentials in afferent nerve fibres which synapse with receptor cells

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19
Q

How do afferent taste fibres reach the brainstem

A

Via 3 cranial nerves:
VII (chorda tympani branch of facial nerve) - anterior 2/3rds of the tongue
IXth - posterior third of the tongue
X - caranial (vagus) nerve - areas other than the tongue e.g. epiglottis and pharynx

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20
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes

A 
salty 
sour
sweet 
bitter
umani (meaty or savory)
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21
Q

What stimulates salty taste

A

Sodium chloride (chemical salts)

22
Q

What stimulates sour taste

A

Acids which contain free hydrogen ions (H+)

23
Q

What stimulates sweet taste

A

configuration of glucose

24
Q

What stimulates unami taste

A

amino acids especially glutamate

25
Q

What is ageusia

A

loss of taste function

26
Q

What can cause aguesia

A

Nerve damage, local inflammation e.g. glossitis, radiation, tobacco, some endocrine disorders

27
Q

What is Hypogeusia

A

Reduced taste function

28
Q

What can cause Hypogeusia

A

Chemotherapy or medications

29
Q

What is Dysgeusia

A

Distortion of taste function

30
Q

What can cause Dysgeusia

A 
Glossitis 
Gum infections
tooth decay
reflux
URI
medications 
neoplasms
chemo
zinc deficiency
31
Q

Where is olfactory mucosa found

A

In the ceiling of the nasal cavity

32
Q

What types of cells are found in olfactory mucosa

A

Olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

33
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

Specialised endings of renewable afferent neurones

34
Q

Describe the appearance of each neuron

A

It has a thick short dendrite and an expanded end called an olfactory rod

35
Q

Where are cilia in relation to the olfactory rods

A

They project to the surface of the olfactory mucosa (10-12 cilia per olfactory receptor neuron)

36
Q

What bind to cilia

A

Odorants (molecules that can be smelled)

37
Q

What is the life span of olfactory receptors

A

About 2 months

38
Q

What do basal cells act as

A

precursors for new olfactory receptor cells

39
Q

What do axons of olfactory receptors collectively form

A

Afferent fibres of olfactory nerve

40
Q

Where do the olfactory receptors lie?

A

They pierce the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and enter the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of the brain

41
Q

What is the function of the olfactory bulbs

A

They transmit smell information to the brain

42
Q

What happens to odorants during quiet breathing

A

They only reach smell receptors by diffusion

43
Q

What does the act of sniffing do

A

enhances smelling by drawing air currents upwards within the nasal cavity

44
Q

In order to be smelled, what 2 things must a substance be

A 
Sufficiently volatile (some of its molecules can enter the nose with inspired air)
Sufficiently water soluble (can dissolve in the mucus coating of olfactory mucosa)
45
Q

How many odours can humans discriminate between and how

A

Thousands - olfactory receptors have different sensitivity to different substances

46
Q

What is anosmia

A

Inability to smell

47
Q

What can cause anosmia

A

Viral infections, allergy, nasal polyps, head injury

48
Q

What is hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell

49
Q

What might hyposmia be an earl sign of

A

Parkinson’s disease

50
Q

What is dysosmia

A

Altered sense of smell

51
Q

What are some examples of dysosmia

A

Differently interpreting some odours and hallucinations of smell

ENT SM (19 decks)

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