stuff

Question 1

most common type of cancer in the colon

Answer 1

adenocarcinoma

Question 2

most common cause for bacterial food poisoning

Answer 2

campylobacter

Question 3

associated with food poisoning from rice

Answer 3

Bacillus cereus

Question 4

gram +ve cell wall

Answer 4

thick

Question 5

gram +ve gram stain

Answer 5

purple

Question 6

gram +ve release

Answer 6

exotoxins

Question 7

circulating blood volume in sepsis

Answer 7

decreased

Question 8

branching of terminal bronchioles occurs at which stage of lung maturation

Answer 8

pseudoglandular

Question 9

located immediately superficial to transverse abdominis muscle

Answer 9

internal oblique muscle

Question 10

muscles attached to rib 1

Answer 10

scalenus anterior (accessory muscle of respiration)
subclavius, serratus anterior, middle scalene

Question 11

effect of hypoxic pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction

Answer 11

increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload

Question 12

A 55 year old with anaemia, weight loss and early satiety

Answer 12

alarm symptoms for upper GI malignancy

initial investigation gastroscopy

Question 13

cause of the rising phase of depolarization in contractile ventricular muscle cells

Answer 13

fast sodium influx

Question 14

conditions for synthesis of lactic acid

Answer 14

anaerobic conditions

Question 15

precursors for gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

lactate
amino acids
glycerol

Question 16

shift to the left in oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

Answer 16

increased affinity for oxygen

Question 17

what is a granuloma

Answer 17

collection of macrophages that is caused by an inflammatory process

Question 18

adenocarcinoma of lower oesophagus pathology

Answer 18

Uncontrolled proliferation of mucous gland

cells in lower 1/3 of oesophagus

Question 19

trelinpressin used for

Answer 19

treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices, portal hypertension

Question 20

trelinpressin mechanism of action

Answer 20

selectively causes splanchnic and extrarenal vasoconstriction by stimulation of V1 receptors, which are located in the smooth muscles of the arteries in the splanchnic region and thereby reduces splanchnic blood flow and portal pressure

Question 21

ascites with high WCC

Answer 21

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

management: antibiotic therapy, paracentesis

Question 22

PBC end stage (raised bilirubin) management

Answer 22

liver transplant

Question 23

diaphragm blood supply

Answer 23

superior phrenic, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and lower internal intercostal arteries

Question 24

giant v-waves jvp

Answer 24

tricuspid regurgitation

Question 25

presentation of tricuspid regurgitation

Answer 25

peripheral oedema, right ventricular failure, pansystolic murmur, paradoxical splitting of second heart sound

Question 26

painless jaundice

Answer 26

pancreatic cancer

Question 27

chronic cholecystitis presentation

Answer 27

repeated episodes of colicky abdominal pain presence of gallstones murphys sign

Question 28

cholangiocarcinoma presentation

Answer 28

jaundice itching abdominal pain

Question 29

bacterial organisms responsible for the pharyngeal infection leading to rheumatic heart disease

Answer 29

A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 30

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 30

gram-positive, coagulase-positive bacteria

Question 31

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 31

gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacteria | endocarditis on prosthetic valves

Question 32

Streptococcus viridans

Answer 32

gram-positive, α-hemolytic bacteria | subacute bacterial endocarditis

Question 33

level of aortic bifurcation

Answer 33

L4

Question 34

what type of drugs need a loading dose

Answer 34

drugs with a long half life

Question 35

location of the appendix

Answer 35

Base of caecum | point where caecal taenia coli converge

Question 36

appendix blood supply

Answer 36

Appendicular artery (branch of the ileocolic)

Question 37

McBurney's point

Answer 37

1/3 of the way along a line drawn from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine to the Umbilicus

Question 38

management of peripheral artery disease

Answer 38

``` Risk factor modification Supervised exercise program Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Surgical reconstruction i.e. bypass graft using the saphenous vein Amputation ```

Question 39

the mode of action of indomethacin

Answer 39

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in infants with patent ductus arteriosus (COX enzyme)