stuff Flashcards
most common type of cancer in the colon
adenocarcinoma
most common cause for bacterial food poisoning
campylobacter
associated with food poisoning from rice
Bacillus cereus
gram +ve cell wall
thick
gram +ve gram stain
purple
gram +ve release
exotoxins
circulating blood volume in sepsis
decreased
branching of terminal bronchioles occurs at which stage of lung maturation
pseudoglandular
located immediately superficial to transverse abdominis muscle
internal oblique muscle
muscles attached to rib 1
scalenus anterior (accessory muscle of respiration) subclavius, serratus anterior, middle scalene
effect of hypoxic pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular afterload
A 55 year old with anaemia, weight loss and early satiety
alarm symptoms for upper GI malignancy
initial investigation gastroscopy
cause of the rising phase of depolarization in contractile ventricular muscle cells
fast sodium influx
conditions for synthesis of lactic acid
anaerobic conditions
precursors for gluconeogenesis
lactate
amino acids
glycerol
shift to the left in oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
increased affinity for oxygen
what is a granuloma
collection of macrophages that is caused by an inflammatory process
adenocarcinoma of lower oesophagus pathology
Uncontrolled proliferation of mucous gland
cells in lower 1/3 of oesophagus
trelinpressin used for
treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices, portal hypertension
trelinpressin mechanism of action
selectively causes splanchnic and extrarenal vasoconstriction by stimulation of V1 receptors, which are located in the smooth muscles of the arteries in the splanchnic region and thereby reduces splanchnic blood flow and portal pressure
ascites with high WCC
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
management: antibiotic therapy, paracentesis
PBC end stage (raised bilirubin) management
liver transplant
diaphragm blood supply
superior phrenic, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and lower internal intercostal arteries
giant v-waves jvp
tricuspid regurgitation
presentation of tricuspid regurgitation
peripheral oedema, right ventricular failure, pansystolic murmur, paradoxical splitting of second heart sound
painless jaundice
pancreatic cancer
chronic cholecystitis presentation
repeated episodes of colicky abdominal pain
presence of gallstones
murphys sign
cholangiocarcinoma presentation
jaundice
itching
abdominal pain
bacterial organisms responsible for the pharyngeal infection leading to rheumatic heart disease
A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
Staphylococcus aureus
gram-positive, coagulase-positive bacteria
Staphylococcus epidermidis
gram-positive, coagulase-negative bacteria
endocarditis on prosthetic valves
Streptococcus viridans
gram-positive, α-hemolytic bacteria
subacute bacterial endocarditis
level of aortic bifurcation
L4
what type of drugs need a loading dose
drugs with a long half life
location of the appendix
Base of caecum
point where caecal taenia coli converge
appendix blood supply
Appendicular artery (branch of the ileocolic)
McBurney’s point
1/3 of the way along a line drawn from the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine to the Umbilicus
management of peripheral artery disease
Risk factor modification Supervised exercise program Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Surgical reconstruction i.e. bypass graft using the saphenous vein Amputation
the mode of action of indomethacin
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in infants with patent ductus arteriosus (COX enzyme)
