passmed Flashcards
Laterally to medially, what contents can be found in the femoral trianlge
femoral NERVE, femoral ARTERY, femoral VEIN, EMPTY space, LYMPHATICS
phase 1 of gastric secretion
cephalic phase
preparation for food
Vagal cholinergic stimulation causing secretion of HCL and gastrin release from G cells
phase 2 of gastric secretion
gastric phase
60% acid produced
Stomach distension/low H+/peptides causes Gastrin release
phase 3 of gastric secretion
intestinal phase
High acidity/distension/hypertonic solutions in the duodenum inhibits gastric acid secretion via enterogastrones (CCK, secretin) and neural reflexes
factors that increase gastric acid production
Vagal nerve stimulation
Gastrin release
Histamine release (indirectly following gastrin release) from enterchromaffin like cells
factors that decrease gastric acid production
Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release)
Cholecystokinin
Secretin
source of gastrin
g cells in the antrum of the stomach
effect of gastrin
Increase HCL, pepsinogen and IF secretion, increases gastric motility
source of CCK
I cells in the duodenum
effect of CCK
Increases secretion of enzyme-rich fluid from pancreas
contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
decreases gastric emptying
production of secretin
S cells of duodenum
when does a baby normally start producing surfactant
week 22
mechanism of action of dipyridamole
combination anti-platelet drug
non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor and decreases cellular uptake of adenosine
mechanism of action of Ticagrelor
direct-acting P2Y12-receptor antagonist
reversibly and noncompetitively to the P2Y12 receptor at a site distinct from that of the endogenous agonist adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
classical symptoms of anaemia
Headaches, shortness of breath and palpitations
most common nutritional causes of anaemia
B12, Folate and Iron
improve survival in HF
ACEi
initial management of AF symptoms
BB
course of the phrenic nerve
arises at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle
then passes inferiorly over the anterior surface of anterior scalene, deep to the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia
course of right phrenic nerve
Passes anteriorly over the lateral part of the right subclavian artery.
Enters the thorax
Descends anteriorly along the right lung root.
Courses along the pericardium of the right atrium of the heart.
Pierces the diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening.
Innervates the inferior surface of the diaphragm
course of the left phrenic nerve
Passes anteriorly over the medial part of the left subclavian artery.
Enters the thorax via the superior thoracic aperture.
Descends anterior to the left lung root.
Crosses the aortic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve.
Courses along the pericardium of the left ventricle.
Pierces and innervates the inferior surface of the diaphragm
investigation to check for GI parasites
stool for microscopy
organism that can lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome
E.coli
antibody present in crohns disease
anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies
end ileostomy
distal ileum brought to the skin surface
spouts sticking out
presentation of haemorrhoids
bright red bleeding
perinanal pruritus
prolapsed mass of defecation
tropical sprue presentation
recent travel
chronic diarrrhoea
weight loss
vitamin B12 and folate deficiency
treatment of tropical sprue
broad spectrum antibiotics (tetracycline) and folate supplementation
pathophysiolgy of gilbert’s
decreased activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase
CT scan showing asbestosis
honeycombing of the lungs with parenchymal bands and pleural plaques
