passmed

Question 1

Laterally to medially, what contents can be found in the femoral trianlge

Answer 1

femoral NERVE, femoral ARTERY, femoral VEIN, EMPTY space, LYMPHATICS

Question 2

phase 1 of gastric secretion

Answer 2

cephalic phase
preparation for food
Vagal cholinergic stimulation causing secretion of HCL and gastrin release from G cells

Question 3

phase 2 of gastric secretion

Answer 3

gastric phase
60% acid produced
Stomach distension/low H+/peptides causes Gastrin release

Question 4

phase 3 of gastric secretion

Answer 4

intestinal phase
High acidity/distension/hypertonic solutions in the duodenum inhibits gastric acid secretion via enterogastrones (CCK, secretin) and neural reflexes

Question 5

factors that increase gastric acid production

Answer 5

Vagal nerve stimulation
Gastrin release
Histamine release (indirectly following gastrin release) from enterchromaffin like cells

Question 6

factors that decrease gastric acid production

Answer 6

Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release)
Cholecystokinin
Secretin

Question 7

source of gastrin

Answer 7

g cells in the antrum of the stomach

Question 8

effect of gastrin

Answer 8

Increase HCL, pepsinogen and IF secretion, increases gastric motility

Question 9

source of CCK

Answer 9

I cells in the duodenum

Question 10

effect of CCK

Answer 10

Increases secretion of enzyme-rich fluid from pancreas
contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of sphincter of Oddi
decreases gastric emptying

Question 11

production of secretin

Answer 11

S cells of duodenum

Question 12

when does a baby normally start producing surfactant

Answer 12

week 22

Question 13

mechanism of action of dipyridamole

Answer 13

combination anti-platelet drug

non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor and decreases cellular uptake of adenosine

Question 14

mechanism of action of Ticagrelor

Answer 14

direct-acting P2Y12-receptor antagonist
reversibly and noncompetitively to the P2Y12 receptor at a site distinct from that of the endogenous agonist adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Question 15

classical symptoms of anaemia

Answer 15

Headaches, shortness of breath and palpitations

Question 16

most common nutritional causes of anaemia

Answer 16

B12, Folate and Iron

Question 17

improve survival in HF

Answer 17

ACEi

Question 18

initial management of AF symptoms

Answer 18

BB

Question 19

course of the phrenic nerve

Answer 19

arises at the lateral border of the anterior scalene muscle

then passes inferiorly over the anterior surface of anterior scalene, deep to the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia

Question 20

course of right phrenic nerve

Answer 20

Passes anteriorly over the lateral part of the right subclavian artery.
Enters the thorax
Descends anteriorly along the right lung root.
Courses along the pericardium of the right atrium of the heart.
Pierces the diaphragm at the inferior vena cava opening.
Innervates the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Question 21

course of the left phrenic nerve

Answer 21

Passes anteriorly over the medial part of the left subclavian artery.
Enters the thorax via the superior thoracic aperture.
Descends anterior to the left lung root.
Crosses the aortic arch and bypasses the vagus nerve.
Courses along the pericardium of the left ventricle.
Pierces and innervates the inferior surface of the diaphragm

Question 22

investigation to check for GI parasites

Answer 22

stool for microscopy

Question 23

organism that can lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 23

E.coli

Question 24

antibody present in crohns disease

Answer 24

anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies

Question 25

end ileostomy

Answer 25

distal ileum brought to the skin surface

spouts sticking out

Question 26

presentation of haemorrhoids

Answer 26

bright red bleeding
perinanal pruritus
prolapsed mass of defecation

Question 27

tropical sprue presentation

Answer 27

recent travel
chronic diarrrhoea
weight loss
vitamin B12 and folate deficiency

Question 28

treatment of tropical sprue

Answer 28

broad spectrum antibiotics (tetracycline) and folate supplementation

Question 29

pathophysiolgy of gilbert’s

Answer 29

decreased activity of UDP glucuronosyltransferase

Question 30

CT scan showing asbestosis

Answer 30

honeycombing of the lungs with parenchymal bands and pleural plaques