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BIOLOGY > Studying Cells 2.1 > Flashcards

Studying Cells 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Ribosomes the site of?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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2
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material/DNA
Controls cell activity

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3
Q

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration;
ATP production

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4
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Site of Lipid Synthesis

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5
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Ribosomes embedded;
Site of protein synthesis;
Transports and stores proteins within the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies/packages proteins;
Products vesicles

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7
Q

What is the function of Lysosomes?

A

Contains digestive enzymes;
Digests worn out/damaged organelles (autolysis)

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer;
Selectively permeable so controls what enters the cell;
Double folded bilayer to increase SA

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9
Q

What is the function of Chloroplasts?

A

Contains thylakoids, stacked into Granum;
Site of photosynthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of a (prokaryotic) Capsule?

A

Protects cell from immune systems;
Helps bacteria to stick together; (bacteria has a capsule but no cell wall/membrane)

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11
Q

What is the function of a Plasmid?

A

Circular DNA (not enclosed in histones);
Contains antibiotic resistant genes

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12
Q

What is the function of the (cellulose/peptidoglycan) cell wall?

A

Provides rigid shape/structure;
Stops osmotic lysis (cell bursting from excess water)

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13
Q

B - What is the function of Flagellum?

A

Allows movement/propulsion

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14
Q

Eukaryotic cells produce and release proteins. Outline the role of organelles in the production, transport and release of proteins from eukaryotic cells.

A
  1. DNA in nucleus (genome) codes for all proteins/amino acids;
  2. Ribosomes embedded in RER produce/translate protein;
  3. Mitochondria produce ATP (for protein synthesis)
  4. Golgi apparatus package/modify; OR Carbohydrate/Glycoproteins produced by Golgi;
  5. RER transports vesicles;
  6. Vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane.
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15
Q

Compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells (3+, 7-)

A

Compare
1. Nucleotide structure is identical;
2. Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond;
OR Deoxyribose joined to phosphate in sugar phosphate backbone;
3. DNA in mitochondria/chloroplasts is similar to prokaryotic DNA
4. Mitochondria, chloroplasts (EUK) & bacteria (PRO) all contain 70S ribosomes.

Contrast
4. Eukaryotic DNA is longer;
5. Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, prokaryotic does not;
6. Eukaryotic DNA is linear, prokaryotic DNA is circular;
7. Eukaryotic DNA is associated with histone proteins, prokaryotic DNA is not.
8. Cellulose (EUK plant cell) vs Peptidoglycan cell wall;
(8. Prokaryotes may have a capsule/slime polysaccharide layer and one or more plasmids)

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16
Q

B - What is the function of the plasmid?

A

A small, circular double-stranded DNA molecule that replicates independently in the cytoplasm;
Provides bacteria with antibiotic resistance.

17
Q

State 3 differences between the DNA in the nucleus of plant cells and prokaryotic cells.

A

Plant DNA -> Prokaryotic DNA

  1. Associated with histone proteins -> No histones;
  2. Linear -> Circular;
  3. No plasmids -> Plasmids
  4. Introns -> No introns
  5. Longer -> Shorter
18
Q

The structure of a cholera bacterium is different from the structure of an epithelial cell from the ileum (S.I).

Describe how the structure of a cholera bacterium is different (7)

A
  1. Cholera bacterium is a prokaryote;
  2. Does not have a nucleus/nuclear envelope/has free DNA in cytoplasm/has circular plasmid.

3 and 4 - Any two from:
No membrane-bound organelles/no mitochondria/no Golgi/no Endoplasmic reticulum;
5. Smaller ribosomes (70s)

6 and 7 - Any two from:
Capsule/flagellum/plasmid/cell wall.

19
Q

Give one advantage of using a Transmission Electron microscope (TEM) rather than a Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)

A
  1. Higher resolution so smaller organelles viewed;
  2. Higher (maximum) magnification;
  3. Penetrates sample cells (internal organelles viewed)
  4. Shorter electron wavelength (penetrates cell)
20
Q

Give one advantage of using an SEM rather than a TEM

A
  1. Thin sections/specimen does not need to be prepared;
  2. 3D image;
  3. Shorter preparation time;
    (4. Fine focused beam of electron/Costs less)
21
Q

Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure.

A

Advantages
1. High resolution so small objects can be seen;
2. Shorter electron wavelength

Limitations
3. Cannot look at living cells (abiotic);
4. Must be in a vaccum;
5. Specimen must be sliced thin;
6. Preparation may create artefact (false image)

22
Q

Scientists isolated mitochondria from liver cells. They broke the cells open in an ice-cold, buffered and isotonic solution. Explain why.

A

Ice-cold - reduces enzyme activity SO organelles not damaged/digested

Isotonic - prevents osmotic lysis (no net movement of water) SO cell does not burst/shrivel

Buffered - maintains a constant pH SO no proteins denature

23
Q

What is the plasmodesmata?

A

Gaps in the cellulose cell membrane of (eukaryotic) plant cells for cell-cell communication.

24
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

Semi-permeable Membrane around plant cell vacuole (that regulates the movement of ions around the cell)

25
Q

Scientists use optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to investigate cell structure. Explain the advantages and limitations of using a TEM to investigate cell structure.

A

Advantages:
1 Small objects can be seen;
2 TEM has high resolution;
3 Electron wavelength is shorter;

Limitations:
4 Cannot look at living cells;
5 Must be in a vacuum;
6 Must cut section / thin specimen;
7 Preparation may create artefact;

26
Q

Give one advantage of using an SEM rather than a TEM

A

• Thin sections do not need to be
prepared
• shows surface of specimen
• can have 3-D images;

27
Q

Give one advantage of using a TEM rather than a SEM

A
  1. Higher resolution;
  2. higher (maximum) magnification / higher detail (of image);
    OR
  3. Allows internal details / structures within (cells) to be seen cross section to be taken;

BIOLOGY (28 decks)

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