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BIOLOGY > Immunology 2.4 > Flashcards

Immunology 2.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how HIV is replicated (4)

A
  1. RNA converted into DNA using reverse transcriptase;
  2. DNA inserted into T Helper cell’s nucleus/Genome/DNA;
  3. DNA transcribed into HIV mRNA;
  4. HIV mRNA translated into new HIV viral proteins to be assembled into virions/viral particles (in host cell’s Golgi apparatus)
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2
Q

Give two types of cell, other than pathogens, that can stimulate an immune response (2)

A
  1. (Host) cells infected by virus;
  2. Transplanted cells (non-self);
    OR abnormal/tumour/cancer cells
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3
Q

Describe how a phagocyte destroys a pathogen present in the blood (3)

A

Primary cell-mediated immune response:

  1. Engulfs a pathogen and forms a vesicle (phagosome);
  2. Vesicle fuses with lysosome;
  3. Enzymes digest vesicle (kill pathogen)
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4
Q

Describe how the Ebola virus stimulates a humoral immune response (3)

A

1.Antigen/Glycoprotein on Ebola binds to/stimulates a specific B cell;
2. These cells replicate by Mitosis;
3. Plasma/B cells release/produce specific (complementary) antibodies.

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5
Q

Name what is secreted by these cells involved in the immune response:
Cytotoxic T cells secrete ->
T Helper cells secrete ->
Plasma/B cells secrete ->

A

C -> Perforin
T -> Cytokines
P/B -> Specific (complementary) antibodies

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6
Q

State the function of Humoral immunity-B cells

A
  • Each B cell has an antigen receptor (tertiary protein) molecule on the surface of their membrane
  • with a complementary shape to a specific antigen
  • Secrete antibodies into bodily fluids and cavities to kill microbes
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7
Q

State the structure and function of the variable region of an antibody (1)

A

Has a specific tertiary structure which can bind two antigens at the same time (Agglutination forming an antigen-antibody complex)

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8
Q

Explain how a scientist could use an ELISA test to determine the presence of an antigen

A
  1. Add antibody specific to antigen with enzyme attached to sample;
  2. Wash sample to remove unattached antibodies;
  3. Add substrate to cause a colour change (in positive test)
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9
Q

State the function of antibodies in agglutination (1)

A

Specific antibodies bind to the antigens on a pathogen and clump them together (forming an antigen-antibody complex)

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10
Q

State the function of antibodies in Oponisation (1)

A

Antibodies mark pathogens so phagocytes recognise and destroy the pathogen more efficiently.

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11
Q

State the function of antibodies in Lysis (1)

A

Complementary antibodies bind to antigens (Antigen-antibody complex) and lead to the destruction of the pathogens membrane.

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12
Q

Describe the non-specific défense mechanisms the body may launch against pathogens (5)

A

Phagocytosis (no mark)
1. Pathogen is engulfed by phagocyte;
2. Engulfed pathogen enters cytoplasm of phagocyte in vesicle (forming a phagosome);
3. Lysosomes fuse with vesicle releasing digestive enzymes;
4. Lysozymes break down/hydrolyse / digest pathogen;
5. Waste materials are ejected from cell by exocytosis.

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13
Q

Define endocytosis and give an example of this (1)

A

Cell engulfs (material) into vesicles

  • Phagocytosis engulfs pathogens into vesicles
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14
Q

Describe how a phagocyte destroys a pathogen present in the blood (3)

A
  1. Engulfs;
  2. Forming vesicle/phagosome;
  3. Lysozymes/enzymes digest/hydrolyse pathogen.
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15
Q

Give two types of cell, other than pathogens, that can stimulate an immune response (3)

A
  1. Transplanted cells / foreign/non-self cells from other organisms;
  2. Cancer/tumour cells;
  3. Cells infected by virus.
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16
Q

When a vaccine is given to a person, it leads to the production of antibodies against a disease causing organism. Describe how (5)

A
  1. Vaccine contains antigen from pathogen;
  2. Macrophage (A-PC) presents antigen on surface;
  3. T helper cell with complementary receptor protein binds to antigen (cell-cell recognition);
  4. T cell stimulates B cell;
  5. (With) complementary antibody on surface;
  6. B cell divides (by mitosis) to produce clones of same antibody;
  7. B cell secretes large amounts of antibody.
17
Q

Explain how the humoral response leads to (secondary) immunity

A
  1. B cells specific to the antigen reproduce by mitosis;
  2. B cells produce plasma and (B) memory cells;
  3. Second infection produces antibodies in larger quantities and quicker.
18
Q

Describe and explain the role of antibodies in stimulating phagocytosis (2)

A
  1. Antibodies bind to antigen / OR are markers (opsonisation = marking)
  2. Antibodies cause agglutination/clumping (for phagocytes).
19
Q

Describe the difference between active and passive immunity (5)

A
  1. Active involves (producing B) memory cells whereas passive does not;
  2. Active involves production of antibody by plasma/memory cells whereas passive does not;
  3. Passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside/named source;
  4. Active is long term as antibody produced in triggered (immune) response to antigen whereas passive is short term;
  5. Passive is fast-acting (+ large quantity) whereas active can take time to work.
20
Q

State why some antibodies are referred to as monoclonal (1)

A
  1. Antibodies produced/cloned from a single clone of B cells / plasma cells;

OR from same B cell

21
Q

Tests using monoclonal antibodies are specific. Use your knowledge of protein structure to explain why (3)

A
  1. Specific primary structure / order / sequence of amino acids;
  2. Specific tertiary / 3D structure;
  3. (So) only complementary to one antigen.
22
Q

Describe the structure of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (5)

A
  1. RNA (as genetic material);
  2. Reverse transcriptase;
  3. (Protein) capsomeres / capsid;
  4. Phospholipid (viral) envelope;
  5. Attachment proteins
    (extrinsic)
23
Q

Describe how a person infected with HIV will develop AIDS (if untreated) and die of secondary infections (4)

A
  1. High viral load leads to increased destruction of T helper / CD4 cells;
  2. Less activation of B cells / cytotoxic T cells / phagocytes;
  3. Less production of plasma cells/antibodies
    (OR fewer cytotoxic T cells able to kill virus infected/host cells)
  4. Less able to destroy other pathogens / microbes
    (OR mutated/cancer cells)
24
Q

Describe the role of antibodies in producing a positive result in an ELISA test (4)

A
  1. (First) antibody binds / is complementary (in shape) to antigen;
  2. (Second) antibody with enzyme attached is added;
  3. (Second) antibody attaches to antigen;
  4. Substrate/solution added so colour change (if +).
25
Q

Suggest some ethical issues surrounding the use of monoclonal antibodies

A

• Production involves animals;
• Drug trials could cause organ failure (against arthritis and leukaemia)

BIOLOGY (28 decks)

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