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BIOLOGY > Biodiversity, Species & Taxonomy > Flashcards

Biodiversity, Species & Taxonomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Biodiversity

A

The number of species and the number of individuals of each of the species within any one community.

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2
Q

Define Species Richness

A

The number of different species in a community.

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3
Q

Define community (1)

A

All the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time.

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4
Q

Define Species (1)

A

A group of similar organisms (with same genes) which reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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5
Q

Define Genetic Diversity

A

Difference in DNA/base sequence/alleles/genes

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6
Q

Define Niche

A

An organism’s role in the ecosystem/community -

No 2 species occupy the same niche due to interspecific competition.

It describes:
What the species is like
Where it occurs
How it behaves
How it interacts with other species
How it responds to the environment.

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7
Q

Define Habitat

A

A place where an organism normally lives within an ecosystem (characterised by biotic & abiotic factors)

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8
Q

The number of species present is one way to measure biodiversity.
Explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity (2)

A
  1. Measures number of individuals in a species/different proportions of species;
  2. Some species may be present in low/high numbers.
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9
Q

Give two advantages of using an index of biodiversity rather than an indicator species.

A
  1. You don’t need to identify each species;
  2. The index considers the number of organisms of each of the species.
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10
Q

Suggest one economic argument for maintaining biodiversity.

A

A suitable example of how some species may be important financially

Examples:
1. Medical / pharmaceutical uses;
2. Commercial products / example given;
3. Tourism;
4. Agriculture;
5. Saving local forest communities.

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11
Q

Why are ecosystems with a high diversity index stable?

A
  1. Consists of many organisms/greater range of species;
  2. so loss (through disease or climate change) does not severely affect the ecosystem.
    (Favourable climate)
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12
Q

Explain selection (6)

A
  1. Variation due to mutation;
  2. Different environmental/ abiotic/biotic conditions / selection pressures;
  3. Selection for different/ advantageous, features/ characteristics/mutation/ /allele;
  4. Differential reproductive success / (selected) organisms survive and reproduce;
  5. Leads to change in allele frequency;
  6. Occurs over a long period of time
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13
Q

The number of species present is one way to measure diversity.
Explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity (2)

A

Also measures number of individuals (in species);
Some species may be present in high/low numbers

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14
Q

Give 2 advantages of using an Index of Biodiversity rather than an Indicator Species (2)

A

• You do not need to identify each species;
• The index considers the number of organisms of each of the species.

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15
Q

A forest was cleared to make more towns available for agriculture.
After the forest was cleared the species diversity of insects in the area decreased. Explain why (4)

A
  1. Decrease in variety of plants / fewer plant species;
  2. Fewer habitats/niches;
  3. Decrease in variety of food sources;
  4. Aspect of clearing forest (killing insects) e.g
    - Machinery
    - Pesticides & herbicides
    - Fertilisers (for monoculture - 1crop)
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16
Q

What information is required to calculate an index of diversity for a particular community? (2)

A

• Number of species;
• Number of individuals in each species

17
Q

Farmers clear tropical forest and grow crops instead. Explain how this causes the diversity of insects in the area to decrease (4)

A
  1. Lower diversity of plants / fewer plant species;
  2. Few food sources/feeding sites;
  3. Few habitats/niches;
  4. Fewer herbivore species so fewer carnivores;
  5. Aspect of agriculture (killing insects) e.g Machinery, pesticides
18
Q

Describe the binomial naming system (1)

A

Scientific name:
Genus - Homo
Species - sapien

19
Q

Describe the classification system (1)

A

Organisms are placed into taxa (groups) based on their shared characteristics

20
Q

What are the three domains?
(And their differences)

A

• Bacteria
- single-celled prokaryotes, murein cell wall, no histones
• Archaea
- triglycerides are joined by ether bonds, not ester, no murein in in cell walls
• Eukarya

21
Q

What four kingdoms does the Eukarya domain make up?

A

Protists
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

22
Q

Define the order of classification.

A

D - Domain
K - Kingdom
P - Phylum
C - Class
O - Order
F - Family
G - Genus
Species

23
Q

Name the taxonomy group between order and genus (1)

A

Family

24
Q

Describe what is meant by a phylogenetic group (1)

A

Groups according to (shared) common ancestry

  • More/less closely related
25
Q

Describe what is meant by a hierarchy (1)

A

Groups within groups with no overlap

26
Q

Describe courtship behaviour between two similarly related organisms (1)

A

Courtship behaviour attracts a mate to ensure REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

Closely related organisms display similar behaviour patterns.

27
Q

Give an example of species specific courtship behaviour

A

• Fireflies give off pulses of light
• Peacock display their feathers
• Male butterflies release chemicals

28
Q

Give two ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating (5!)

A
  1. Attracts same species;
  2. Attracts opposite sex;
  3. Indication of sexual maturity/Synchronises mating/fertility;
  4. Stimulates release of gametes;
  5. Form pair bond.
29
Q

Give two ways scientists can use base sequences to compare different types of ____ (organism/species)

A
  1. Compare DNA base sequence;
  2. Compare mRNA base sequence (proteins/antibodies);
  3. Look for mutations
30
Q

Comparing the base sequence of genes provides more evolutionary information than comparing the structure of proteins. Explain why (3)

A
  1. Base triplets of DNA longer than amino acid sequence;
  2. Introns in DNA
  3. Degenerate code - same amino acid may be coded for
31
Q

Why do scientists use genetic classification methods to classify species? (2)

A

• More similar genome/DNA base sequence means more closely related species;
• Unable to observe reproductive behaviour of extinct organisms /asexual / ethical issues

32
Q

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in two species could be used to find out if they are closely related (2)

A

Any two from:
1. Compare DNA;
2. Sequence of bases/nucleotides;
3. Compare antibodies;
4. Compare sequence of amino acids/primary structure

33
Q

During an experiment, scientists placed traps to collect dung beetles at sites chosen at random. Explain why at random (1)

A

No bias
(Reliable)

34
Q

Give two reasons why grassy strips increase the biodiversity of animals (2)

A
  1. Increase in niche/habitat;
  2. Increase in food source (e.g herbivores) so increase in predator species
35
Q

List 3+ ways that modern farming has negatively impacted the biodiversity of the countryside.

A

(Reduces species richness)
- Removal of woodland
- Removal of hedgerows
- Growing monoculture
- Intensive grazing / plagioclimax
- Overuse of pesticides / inorganic fertilisers

BIOLOGY (28 decks)

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