Study Guide Midterm Flashcards
Definition of addiction
Something done regularly, habitually, or repeatedly; Compulsive quality that seems at least partially out of one’s conscious control; Not necessarily a drug, though that is the most common association.
DSM-V criteria for Substance Use Disorder (SUD)
Measurement of SUD based on DSM-V Criteria; Must meet at least 2 criteria; Includes past year users of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens, inhalants, methamphetamine, or prescription psychotherapeutic drugs.
What is a standard drink?
One standard drink yields a BAC of .02-.05 (average of .03).
What is heavy alcohol use?
Binge drinking on 5 or more days in the past 30 days.
What is a binge?
Drinking five or more drinks (for males) or four or more drinks (for females) on at least one day in the past 30 days.
What is at-risk drinking?
Drinking behaviors that increase the likelihood of negative health consequences.
How do rates of drinking vary by age?
Alcohol use tends to be highest among young adults (18-25 years old) and decreases with age.
How do rates of drinking vary by race/ethnicity?
White individuals tend to have the highest rates of alcohol use; Hispanic and Black individuals have moderate levels; Asian and Native American populations show more variation.
How do rates of drinking vary by gender?
Men use alcohol and illicit substances more than women; Women are slightly more likely to misuse prescription tranquilizers/sedatives; Men are more likely to have a substance use disorder.
What is binge drinking?
Consuming 5+ drinks for men or 4+ drinks for women on one occasion; Highest among college-aged individuals (18-22 years old); More common in men than women.
What is heavy alcohol use?
Binge drinking on 5 or more days in the past month; Highest among young adults but declines with age.
How does illicit drug use vary by age?
Illicit drug use peaks in the late teens and early 20s, then declines with age; Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among young adults.
What are the biological/genetic factors in SUDs?
Heritability ranges from 35%-70%; Genetic factors become stronger in adulthood; Twin studies help separate genes from the environment.
What is Gene x Environment interaction?
Magnitude of genetic effect depends on environmental exposure; Substance use phenotypes are more heritable in non-religious upbringings, low parental monitoring, urban environments, and single women.
What is the Gateway Model?
Adolescents typically use nicotine and alcohol before marijuana, which in turn leads to harder illicit drugs; Empirical support is mixed.
What is the Self-Awareness Model?
Alcohol impairs the encoding of information; Reduces self-relevance of environmental stimuli; Decreases self-awareness, leading to decreased anxiety and self-evaluation.
What is the Tension Reduction Theory?
People use substances to relieve psychological distress; Mood & anxiety disorders are related to SUDs; Internalizing psychopathology is associated with early initiation and SUD in adulthood.
What is the Alcohol Myopia Theory?
Alcohol creates a ‘tunnel vision’ effect; Reduces ‘inhibition conflict’; Leads to more extreme behaviors.
What is the Expectancy Theory?
Expectancies are beliefs about what will happen when engaging in a behavior; Positive expectancies predict adolescent initiation and persistence of substance use.
What is impulsivity in substance use?
Preference for immediate reward over larger delayed reward; Difficulty inhibiting responses predicts later substance abuse.
What are descriptive and injunctive norms?
Descriptive norms: beliefs about peer drinking; Injunctive norms: peer acceptance of drinking; Strong predictors of drinking behavior.
What are the different routes of drug administration?
Ingestion, Inhalation, Intranasal, Injection; Inhalation and Injection are the fastest routes; Ingestion is the slowest route.
What is a drug half-life?
The time it takes for a drug’s concentration to reduce by half in the body.
How is alcohol metabolized?
Metabolized by Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) into Acetaldehyde, then broken down by Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) into Acetate, then into H2O and CO2.
How does alcohol metabolism vary by biological sex?
Women have higher body fat and lower stomach ADH, leading to higher BAC levels than men.
What is cross-tolerance?
Resistance to one drug due to exposure to a similar substance; Example: Tolerance to alcohol increases tolerance to other sedatives like benzodiazepines.
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
Caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency; Symptoms include memory loss, hallucinations, and inability to form new memories.
What are the key opioids in the opioid epidemic?
Examples include OxyContin, Fentanyl, and Carfentanil; Fentanyl is highly potent and a few milligrams can be lethal.
What is Naloxone?
An opioid antagonist that reverses opioid overdoses; Quickly restores normal respiration to individuals experiencing an overdose.
What is the Balloon Effect?
When a drug supply is limited, users and traffickers find alternative drugs to maintain their high.
What are common college drinking patterns?
79.2% drank in the past year; 67.7% drank in the past month; Fraternity and sorority members have higher drinking rates.
What are the problems associated with college drinking?
Victimization, Academic Performance Decline, and Increased Risk of Sexual Assault.
What are common assessment tools for substance use?
Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).
What are sensitivity and specificity in assessment?
Sensitivity: ability to detect true positives; Specificity: ability to detect true negatives; Screening tests balance both to minimize errors.
