Lecture Week 2 Flashcards
What are the three main theoretical models of addiction?
Biological/Genetic Factors, Psychological Factors, Sociocultural Factors
What are the two types of psychopathology associated with comorbidity in substance use disorders (SUD)?
Externalizing psychopathology and Internalizing psychopathology
How does positive reinforcement relate to addiction?
Individuals with higher dopamine release and personality traits like sensation seeking and impulsivity derive greater positive reinforcement from drugs.
What is impulsivity in the context of substance use?
A preference for immediate rewards over delayed rewards and difficulty inhibiting responses, which predicts later substance abuse.
What do twin studies help determine in addiction research?
They help separate genetic factors, shared environmental factors, and nonshared environmental factors.
What percentage of variance in substance use vulnerability is attributed to genetic factors?
Approximately 35%-70% for commonly used substances like alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and cocaine.
How do shared environmental factors contribute to substance use vulnerability?
They account for a modest 0%-30% of variance, with common rearing not making a major contribution.
How do nonshared environmental factors contribute to substance use vulnerability?
They account for approximately 30%-65% of variance, with no consistent patterns across substances or between use and dependence.
How do genetic influences on substance use change with age?
Genetic influences are weaker, and shared environmental influences are stronger in adolescence compared to adulthood.
How does the age of initiation impact later substance use disorder (SUD) risk?
Earlier initiation (e.g., drinking before age 15) significantly increases the risk of lifetime substance dependence.
What is the Gateway Model of substance use?
A theory that suggests nicotine and alcohol use precede marijuana use, which in turn leads to harder illicit drugs.
What are operant and classical conditioning’s roles in addiction?
Operant conditioning reinforces drug use behavior, while classical conditioning associates drug effects with contextual cues.
How does Social Learning Theory explain drug use?
People learn about drug use from observing relatives, peers, and media, internalizing norms about its acceptability.
What is Expectancy Theory in the context of addiction?
It states that individuals develop beliefs about the effects of substances, which influence their likelihood of use.
How does Alcohol Myopia influence behavior?
Alcohol creates a ‘tunnel vision’ effect, reducing inhibition conflict and leading to more extreme behaviors.
What individual risk factors contribute to addiction?
Externalizing psychopathology, internalizing psychopathology, prenatal exposure, and drug-specific reactions.
How does externalizing psychopathology relate to addiction?
It includes disorders like ADHD and conduct disorder, which predict early-onset substance use.
What is the Tension Reduction Theory?
A theory suggesting that people use substances to relieve psychological distress, linking mood and anxiety disorders to addiction.
How do genetic and environmental factors interact in addiction?
Substance use heritability is influenced by factors like religious upbringing, parental monitoring, and urban vs. rural environments.
What are key sociocultural risk factors for addiction?
Child maltreatment, substance-abusing parents, low parental monitoring, and deviant peers (strongest predictor of adolescent use).
