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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Study Guide - Lecture Test 6 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of tonsils

A

Lymphatic tissue; plays a role in protecting body from infection

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2
Q

Function of larynx

A

Voice box - vocal cords. Contains epiglottis - routes food and air into proper channels

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3
Q

Function of trachea

A

Windpipe; C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

Function of primary bronchi

A

Directs air into lungs

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5
Q

Function of secondary bronchi

A

Directs air into lobes

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6
Q

Function of pleural fluid

A

Allows long membranes to easily guide past each other, reducing friction

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7
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
Volume increases
As volume increases, the gas pressure in the lungs decreases

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8
Q

What happens during expiriation?

A

Passive process because it does not involve muscle contraction
As muscle relaxes, pressure in the lungs becomes greater than atmopsheric pressure

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9
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

Movement of O2 and CO2 between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
-O2 moves out of alveoli into blood capillaries
-CO2 moves out of capillaries into alveoli

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10
Q

How are oxygen and CO2 carried in the blood?

A

Oxygen
–90% transported bound to hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
CO2
–Most transported in plasma
–20% carried in RBC bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin

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11
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
-O2 moves from systempic capillaries into tissue cells
-CO2 moves from tissue cells into the systemic capillaries

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12
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cornerstone of all energy producing chemical reactions
Occurs in nearly all cells
Final products are CO2 and ATP

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13
Q

Natural factors controlling respiration

A

Medulla oblongota - sets basic breathing rhythm
Pons - smooths transitions between inhalation and exhalation

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14
Q

Chemical factors controlling respiration

A

High CO2 levels - rate and depth of breathing increase
O2 levels - low O2 message sent to medulla oblongota

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15
Q

Function of conchae

A

Increase surface area of the nasal mucosa and increase turbulance in the nasal cavity to promote air filiration

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16
Q

Sinus locations

A

Sphenoid, maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal
Pain behind the eye comes from sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

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17
Q

Function of mouth

A

Mechanical digestion - mastication

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18
Q

Function of phaynx

A

Food moves by perstalsis

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19
Q

What are the two stomach sphincters?

A

Cardioesophageal - between esophagus and stomach
Pyloric - between stomach and duodenum

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20
Q

Function of gastric rugae

A

Allows stomach to distend

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21
Q

Gastric pit glands and their products

A

Chief cells - pepsinogen
Parietal cells - HCl

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22
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Site of most nutrient absorption

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23
Q

Parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum - receives bile and pancreatic juices
Jejunum
Ileum

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24
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Absorption of water and salts

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25
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon - ascending, transverse, descending
Sigmoid - directs food into rectum

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26
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

Teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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27
Q

Anatomy of teeth

A

Enamel - hardest substance in the body
Dentin - bulk of internal part of tooth
Cementum - surrounds the root and anchors tooth to periodontal ligament
Pulp cavity - contains blood vessels and nerves
Crown - part of tooth above gumline
Root - part of tooth below gumline

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28
Q

Types of teeth and their functions

A

Molars - grind food
Canine - tearing
Incision - cutting

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29
Q

Number of teeth in adults and babies

A

Baby - 20
Adult - 32

30
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Produces enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods; aso an endocrine function - produces insulin and glucagon

31
Q

Function of liver

A

Largest gland in the body; produces bile; elmulsifies fat

32
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores bile

33
Q

Layers of alimentary canal

A

Mucosa - innermost
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

34
Q

Function of calcyes

A

Funnel urine from pyramids to renal pelvis

35
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnel shaped tube that carries urine from a kidney to ureter

36
Q

Nephrons

A

Structural and functional unit of kidney

37
Q

Structure of nephron

A

Renal corpuscle
-glomerulus - glomerular capillaries
-golmerular capsule
Renal Tubule
-proximal convoluted tubule
-distal convoluted tubule

38
Q

Function of peritubular capillaries

A

Reabsorb water and nutrients from filtrate

39
Q

Urine formation

A
  1. Filration - first process in urine formation; fluid passes from blood into glomerular capsule
  2. Reabsorption - needed substances are taken up by the peritubular capillaries from the filtrate
  3. Secretion - substances are secreted bac into filtrate to be excreted
40
Q

Ureters

A

Carry urine from kidney to bladder

41
Q

Urethra

A

Carry urine from bladder to outside of body
Mucosal lining protects from acidic urine

42
Q

Location and function of osmorereceptors

A

Location - hypothalamus
Function - dectect minor changes in plasma solute concentration

43
Q

Location of water in body

A

Intracellular - majority of body water
Extracellular - plasma and interstitial fluid

44
Q

Internal and external urethral sphincters and roles of each

A

Internal - involuntary; keeps urethra closed when not urinating
External - voluntary; consiously relaxed while voiding the bladder

45
Q

Aldosterone

A

Acts on the kidney tubules to stimulate sodium ion reabsorption and potassium ion secretion

46
Q

ADH

A

Acts on the collection ducts to stimulate water reabsorption; concentrates urine

47
Q

Function of chemical buffers in blood

A

Prevent dramatic changes in pH

48
Q

Renal mechanisms to control blood pH

A

When pH increases - bicarbonate ions are excreted and hydrogen ions are retained
When pH decreases - bicarbonate ions are retains and hydrogen ions are excreted

49
Q

Primary sex organs for male and female

A

Male - testes
Female - ovaries

50
Q

Gamates of male and female

A

Male - sperm
Female - ova (egg)

51
Q

Function of seminiferious tubules

A

Sperm production

52
Q

Function of interstitial cells

A

Testosterone production

53
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Maturation and storage of sperm

54
Q

Function of ductus deferens

A

Carries sperm out of scrotum into the ejaculatory duct

55
Q

Male accessory glands

A

Seminal vesicles - 60% of seminal fluid
Prostate - helps to activate sperm
Bulbourethral glands - lubricates and cleanses urethra
Semen - sperm and gland secretions

56
Q

What is spermatogensis and the end result?

A

Sperm production. 4 sperm cells that are not identical

57
Q

What is spermatogonia?

A

Sperm stem cell

58
Q

How long is sperm viable?

59
Q

Function of ovarian follciles

A

Produce estrogen

60
Q

Function of corpus luteum

A

Produces progesterone; secreted during second two weeks of cycle

61
Q

Function of uterine tubes

A

Site of fertilization

62
Q

Layers of uterus

A

Endometrium - sloughed off during mensis; site of egg implatation
Myometrium
Perimetrium

63
Q

Cervix

A

Part of the uterus projecting into the vagina

64
Q

Function of oogensis

A

Production of ova

65
Q

What is oogonia?

A

Ovary primary stem cell

66
Q

How are primary oocytes formed?

A

Oogonia muliply rapidly to produce the daughter cells

67
Q

How is secondary oocyte formed?

A

Arises from first meiotic division

68
Q

What protects the egg?

A

Zona pellucide and corona radiata

69
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

Happens on day 14; LH surge follows

70
Q

Blastocyst

A

Ball of cells that implants in the uterine lining

71
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Stimulates parturition

72
Q

When does menses occur?

A

Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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