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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Study Guide - Lecture Test 5 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Role of normal microbiotic flora in the body

A

Help establish the immune system
Train immune system to respond only to pathogens
Prevent growth of pathogens
Produce folic acid, niacin, and vitamin K
Destroy some ingested toxins
May cause disease under some circumstances

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2
Q

Characteristics of bacteria

A

Does not have a nucleus
Usually one circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

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3
Q

Characteristics of viruses

A

Not alive
Possess either RNA or DNA
Do not reproduce by binary fission, mitosis or miosis

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4
Q

Innate body defenses

A

First line
-Skin
-Mucous membrane
-Secretions
Second line
-Phagocytic cells
-Natural killer cells
-Antimicrobial proteins
-Inflammatory response
-Fever

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5
Q

Adaptive body defenses

A

Third line
-Antigens
-antibodies

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6
Q

Lymph node function

A

Filter and clean lymph before it is returned to blood

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7
Q

Pulmonary circulation function and pump

A

Function - sends blood to lungs to pick up O2 and remove CO2
Pump - pulmonary pump

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8
Q

Systemic circulation function and pump

A

Function - Supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to all body organs
Pump - systemic pump

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9
Q

Layers of the heart and the function of each

A

Epicardium - thin outer layer that covers the outer surface of the heart
Myocardium - thick middle layer that consists of cardiac muscle
Endocardium - thin inner layer the covers surfaces of the heart chamber and valves

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10
Q

Coronary arteries/cardiac veins

A

Coronary arteries - supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Cardiac veins - drain the myocardium of blood

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11
Q

When do AV valves open and close?

A

Open - atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
Close - ventricular pressuer is greater than atrial

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12
Q

When do semilunar valves open and close

A

Open - ventricular pressure is greater than blood pressure in pulmonary trunk or aorta
Close - blood pressure in pulmonary trunk or aorta is greater than ventricular pressure

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13
Q

Artery pathway to lower arm

A

Left ventricle - ascending aorta - aortic arch - brachiocephalic trunk - subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - radial/ulnar arteries

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14
Q

Pathway to femoral artery

A

Left ventricle - ascending aorta - aortic arch - descending aorta - external iliac artery - femoral artery

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15
Q

Branches off aorta

A

Ascending aorta
-right and left coronary arteries
Aortic arch
-Brachiocephalic trunk
-Left common carotid artery
-Left subclavian artery

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16
Q

Pathways of aorta arch

A

Left ventricle - ascending aorta - aortic arch - brachiocephalic trunk - right common carotid artery/right subclavian artery

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17
Q

Do arteries carry blood towards the heart or away?

A

Away from the heart

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18
Q

Are arteries high or low in O2?

A

High

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19
Q

Layers of blood vesses

A

Tunica intima
-endothelium
-forms a friction-reducing lining
Tunica media
-smooth muscle and elastic tissue
-controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Tunica externa
-forms protective outermost covering
-mostly fiberous connective tissue

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20
Q

Structural differences between arteries and veins

A

Arteries have a thicker tunica media to withstand high pressures. Veins have a thinner tunica media and operate under low pressure.

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21
Q

Vein pathway from femoral vein

A

Femoral vein - external iliac veins - common iliac vein - IVC - right atrium

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22
Q

Vein pathway from lower arm

A

Radial/ulnar veins - brachial vein - axillary vein - subclavian vein - SVC - right atrium

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23
Q

Do veins carry blood towards the heart or away?

A

Towards the heart

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24
Q

Are veins high or low in O2?

A

Low

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25
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Does arteries have valves?

A

Only the pulmonary trunk and aorta

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27
Q

Pathway of blood through the heart

A

IVC/SVC-RA-tricuspid valve-RV-pulmonary valve-pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries-pulmonary capillaries-pulmonary veins-LA-bicuspid valve-LV-aortic valve-ascending aorta

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28
Q

Where are plasma proteins formed?

A

In the liver

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29
Q

What is the function of albumin?

A

Regulates osmotic pressure

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30
Q

Where are erythrocytes formed?

A

Red bone marrow. Rate of RBC is controlled by the the hormone EPO. Kidneys secrete EPO in response to reduced O2 levels in the blood.

31
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of whole blood consisiting of erythrocytes - appox 45% of blood

32
Q

What stem cell produces erythrocytes?

A

Hemocytoblast - myeloid stem cells

33
Q

How are old erythrocytes removed?

A

By phagocytes in the spleen or liver

34
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process of blood cell formation. All blood cells are derived from hemocytoblast

35
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

36
Q

What is the temperatue of blood?

A

100.4 F

37
Q

What is the most abundant formed element?

A

Erythrocytes

38
Q

Classification of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

39
Q

White blood cells from most to least abundant

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

40
Q

Count of white blood cells

A

4800 to 10800 WBCs per mm cubed of blood

41
Q

Functions of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils - phagocytes at active sites of acute infection.
Lymphocytes - part of the immune response, fights tumors and viruses
Monocytes - active phagocytes, increase in numbers during chronic infection
Eosinophils - kill parasitic worms, play role in alergy attacks
Basophils - release histamine at site of inflammation

42
Q

Stem cell of WBCs

A

Lymphoid stem cell

43
Q

Blood types by antigen or antibodies

A

Type A - A antigen, B antibodies, Receive A,O
Type B- B antigen, A antibodies, Receive B,O
Type AB - AB antigen, No antibodies - Universal recepient
Type O - No antigen, AB antibodies, Receive O -Universal donor

44
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A

1.Vascular spasms
2.Platelet plug formation
3.Coagulation (blood clotting)

45
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus and what does it become after birth?

A

Blood vessel in the developing fetus connecting the trunk of the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. Becomes ligamentum arteriosum at birth.

46
Q

What is the foramen ovale and what does it become after birth?

A

Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. Becomes fossa ovalis at or after birth.

47
Q

What is the pimary pacemaker of the heart and where is it located?

A

Sinoatrial node. Located in the right atrium near the SVC

48
Q

What is the difference between P wave, QRS wave and T wave?

A

P wave - atrial depolarization
QRS wave - ventricular depolarization
T wave - ventricular repolarization

49
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic - pressure at the peak of ventricular conraction
Diastolic - pressure when ventricles relax

50
Q

What are the two heart sounds?

A

First heart sound - “lub” - closing of the AV valves
Second heart sound - “dub” - closing of semilunar valves

51
Q

Actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system on the heart

A

Sympathetic - increases heart rate
Parasympathetic - decreased heart rate

52
Q

What are the blood vessels in the umbilical cord?

A

One umbilical vein - carries blood and oxygen from placenta to the fetus
Two umbilical arteries - carries blood high in CO2 and wate products from the fetus to placenta

53
Q

What are the receiving and discharging chambers?

A

Receiving - left and right atria
Discharging - left and right ventricles

54
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response

55
Q

What cell produces antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

56
Q

What are the classes and functions of antibodies?

A

IgM - can fix complement
IgA - protects mucosal surfaces
IgD - important in activation of B cell
IgG - can cross the placental varrier and fix complement (most abundant)
IgE - involved in allergies

57
Q

Function of slime layer of bacteria

A

Protects bacteria from environmental threats including antibodies and desiccation

58
Q

What is the function of Interferon?

A

Prevents virus replication in health cells

59
Q

What is inflammation and why is it beneficial?

A

Inflammation is aresponse that is triggered when the body tissues are injured. It’s a defense mechanism against injury and infection.

60
Q

Process and functions of inflammatory response

A

Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis.
Helps leukocytes reach area of infection

61
Q

Antibody functions

A

Neutralization - antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or virsues to prevent their harmful effects
Agglutination - antibody-antigen binding causes clumping of cells

62
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Insert perforin molecules (granzymes) into membrane of abnormal or foreign cell

63
Q

What is the function of APCs

A

Help activate lymphocytes, but do not respond to specific antigens.
Engulf antigens and then present antigen fragments on their membrane surface

64
Q

What cells act as APCs?

A

Dendritic cells - macrophages and B lymphocytes

65
Q

What is the function of Helper T cells?

A

Recruit other cells to fight invaders
Release cytokines
Attract other leukocytes into the area

66
Q

What is T cell activation?

A

APC presents antigen to T cell
T cell is activated
Activated T cell undergoes clonal selection
A large number of T cells clones are producted
-Most T cells differentiate into effector T cells
-A few T cells become memory cells

67
Q

Difference between B cells and T cells

A

B cells - provide humoral immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)
T cells - provide cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

68
Q

Difference between active and passive immunity

A

Active - occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies
Passive - occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else

69
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganism that causes disease

70
Q

Features of gram-negative bacteria

A

Appear red or pink with gram stain
Resistant to antibiotics
Most pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

71
Q

Features of gram-positive bacteria

A

Appear dark blue or purple with gram stain
Sensitive to antibiotics
Few pathogenic bacteria belong to this group

72
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Exchange vessels. Substances are exchanged between blood and surrounding cells/tissues

73
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct collect lymph from?

A

Right upper extremities, right side of head, and thorax

74
Q

What does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?

A

Rest of the body

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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