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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Study Guide - Lecture Test 3 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Long Bones

A

-Typically longer than it is wide
-Femur, humerus, metacarpals, phlanges

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2
Q

Short Bones

A

-Generally cube-shaped
-Carpals, tarsals, patella

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3
Q

Flat Bones

A

-Thin, flattened, and usually curved
-Skull, sternum, ribs

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4
Q

Irregular Bones

A

-Irregular shaped
-Vertebrae and coxal bones

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5
Q

Osteon structure

A

Central canal - carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae - rings of matrix around the central canal
Lacunae - cavities containing osteocytes

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6
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

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7
Q

Epiphyseal Line

A

Remant of the epiphyseal plate

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8
Q

Types of bone formation and loaction

A
  1. Intramembranous Ossification - Forms a fibrous membrane. Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
  2. Endochondral Ossification - Bone develops from hyaline cartilage. Six weeks fetal development to early 20s. Most bones develope this way
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9
Q

Function of compact bone

A

Support, protection, and movement

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10
Q

Anatomy of a Long Bone

A

Diaphysis - shaft/wall
Epiphysis - expanded ends
Periosteum - outside covering of diaphysis
Articular cartilage - covers the external surface of the epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Line
Medullary Cavity - inside diaphysis

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11
Q

Suture names and locations

A

Sagittal - between parietal bones
Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
Squamosal - between parietal and temporal
Lambdoidal - between parietal and occipital

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12
Q

Bones of a hard palate

A

Maxilla and palatine bones

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13
Q

Bones of nasal septum

A

Ethmoid and vomer

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14
Q

Bones that contain paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid

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15
Q

Parts of Vertebra

A

Body
Veterbral Foramen
Transverse Process
Spinous Process

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16
Q

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

A

Clavicle and scapula

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17
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Two coxal bones
Three pairs of fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

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18
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Large opening in occipital bone

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19
Q

Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

A

Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis - exaggeration of thoracic curve
Lordosis - abnormal anterior convexity of lumbar spine

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20
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Only bone that does not articulate with another bone

21
Q

Number of vertebra in child and adult

A

Child - 33
Adult - 26

22
Q

, names and characteristics of all types of vertebra

A

7 cervical - transverse foramen, Atlas - C1 and Axis - C2
12 thoracic - long, pointed spinous process
5 lumbar - large bodies. Supports body weight

23
Q

Muscle movement names

A

Isotonic contractions - muscle shortens and movement occurs with contraction
Isometric contractions - muscle cells do not shorten even though muscle tension increases

24
Q

Types of Synovial joints and examples

A

Plane - wrist
Hinge - proximal/middle phlange, elbow
Pivot - atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Condyloid - metacarpal/phlange
Saddle - carpal/metacarpal, joint in thumb (twidling)
Ball and Socket - shoulder and hip

25
Q

Thick and thin filaments

A

Thick - composed of many myosin molecules. Located in center of sacromere.
Thin - actin is main protein. Anchored to the z-disc

26
Q

Troponin and Tropomysin

A

Troponin - binds to calcium
Tropomyosin - moves away from binding sites

27
Q

Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscles

A

Endomysium - encloses a single muscle fiber
Perimysium - wraps around a fascicle of muscle fibers
Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle

28
Q

Types of muscles and characteristics

A

Smooth - lacks striations, spindle shaped, single nucleus, involuntary
Skeletal - striations, multi nucleus, voluntary
Cardiac - striations, single nucleus, branching cells, involuntary

29
Q

Characteristics of muscle

A

Excitability - ability to receive and respond to stimulus
Contractibility - ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
Extensibility - ability of muscle cells to stretched
Elasticity - ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

30
Q

Motor neuron and its relationship with muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract

31
Q

Vitamins involved in bone formation

A

Vitamin A - activate osteoblasts
Vitamin C - collagen synthesis
Vitamin D - necessary for calcium absorption by small inestine

32
Q

Sequence of events at the neurotransmitter junction

A
  1. Nerve impulses reach the axon terminal
  2. Synaptic vesicles release Ach
  3. Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft
  4. Ach binds to receptor on the motor-end plate
  5. Channels on the motor-end plate open and Sodium enters fiber creating a depolarizations
  6. An action potential travels on the sarcolemma and stimulates the muscle fiber to contract
33
Q

Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Stores calcium

34
Q

What happens during the Sliding Filament Theory

A

I bands and H band get smaller

35
Q

Classifcations of joints

A

Amphiarthois - slightly moveable
Synarthrosis - immovable
Diarthrosis - freely moveable

36
Q

Function of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts - break down bone by secreting acids and lysosomal enzymes
Osteoblasts - create new bone
Osteocytes - mature bone cell

37
Q

What is the function of the organic components of bone?

A

Make bone flexible.

38
Q

What is the function of the inorganic compontents of bone? What is the main component?

A

Make bone hard. Main component is Calcium

39
Q

What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

A

Tendon helps our body move by connecting muscles to bone. Ligament helps to keep them stable by connecting the bones.

40
Q

Descrive the structure of a muscle fiber and give a general function of each.

A

Sarcolemma - plasma membrane
Transverse tubules - extend through fiber
Myofibrils - contractile protein
Sarcoplasmic retriculum - stores calcium

41
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Segment of myofibril between two z-discs

42
Q

What is the main protein of the thick filament?

A

Myocin

43
Q

What is the main protein of the thin filament?

A

Actin

44
Q

What proteins are the regulatory proteins? What are there functions?

A

Troponin and tropomyosin.

45
Q

What proteins are the actual contractile proteins?

A

Actin

46
Q

Describe the structure of a sarcomere.

A

Myofilaments - thick and thin
H zone - region in center of A band
M line - proteins that hold myosin molecules in place
A band - dark band, length of thick filament
I band - light band, contains thin filament

47
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One nerve fiber in all the muscle fibers

48
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at a NMJ?

A

Acetylchline, ACh

49
Q

What causes myosin to release from actin during the cross bridge cycle?

A

New ATP binds to myosin

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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