Study Guide - Lecture Test 3 Flashcards
Long Bones
-Typically longer than it is wide
-Femur, humerus, metacarpals, phlanges
Short Bones
-Generally cube-shaped
-Carpals, tarsals, patella
Flat Bones
-Thin, flattened, and usually curved
-Skull, sternum, ribs
Irregular Bones
-Irregular shaped
-Vertebrae and coxal bones
Osteon structure
Central canal - carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae - rings of matrix around the central canal
Lacunae - cavities containing osteocytes
Epiphyseal Plate
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
Epiphyseal Line
Remant of the epiphyseal plate
Types of bone formation and loaction
- Intramembranous Ossification - Forms a fibrous membrane. Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle
- Endochondral Ossification - Bone develops from hyaline cartilage. Six weeks fetal development to early 20s. Most bones develope this way
Function of compact bone
Support, protection, and movement
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis - shaft/wall
Epiphysis - expanded ends
Periosteum - outside covering of diaphysis
Articular cartilage - covers the external surface of the epiphysis
Epiphyseal Plate
Epiphyseal Line
Medullary Cavity - inside diaphysis
Suture names and locations
Sagittal - between parietal bones
Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
Squamosal - between parietal and temporal
Lambdoidal - between parietal and occipital
Bones of a hard palate
Maxilla and palatine bones
Bones of nasal septum
Ethmoid and vomer
Bones that contain paranasal sinuses
Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid
Parts of Vertebra
Body
Veterbral Foramen
Transverse Process
Spinous Process
Pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Clavicle and scapula
Pelvic girdle
Two coxal bones
Three pairs of fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
Foramen Magnum
Large opening in occipital bone
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Scoliosis - abnormal lateral curvature
Kyphosis - exaggeration of thoracic curve
Lordosis - abnormal anterior convexity of lumbar spine
Hyoid bone
Only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Number of vertebra in child and adult
Child - 33
Adult - 26
, names and characteristics of all types of vertebra
7 cervical - transverse foramen, Atlas - C1 and Axis - C2
12 thoracic - long, pointed spinous process
5 lumbar - large bodies. Supports body weight
Muscle movement names
Isotonic contractions - muscle shortens and movement occurs with contraction
Isometric contractions - muscle cells do not shorten even though muscle tension increases
Types of Synovial joints and examples
Plane - wrist
Hinge - proximal/middle phlange, elbow
Pivot - atlas/axis, radius/ulna
Condyloid - metacarpal/phlange
Saddle - carpal/metacarpal, joint in thumb (twidling)
Ball and Socket - shoulder and hip
Thick and thin filaments
Thick - composed of many myosin molecules. Located in center of sacromere.
Thin - actin is main protein. Anchored to the z-disc
Troponin and Tropomysin
Troponin - binds to calcium
Tropomyosin - moves away from binding sites
Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscles
Endomysium - encloses a single muscle fiber
Perimysium - wraps around a fascicle of muscle fibers
Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle
Types of muscles and characteristics
Smooth - lacks striations, spindle shaped, single nucleus, involuntary
Skeletal - striations, multi nucleus, voluntary
Cardiac - striations, single nucleus, branching cells, involuntary
Characteristics of muscle
Excitability - ability to receive and respond to stimulus
Contractibility - ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
Extensibility - ability of muscle cells to stretched
Elasticity - ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching
Motor neuron and its relationship with muscle fibers
Muscle fibers must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract
Vitamins involved in bone formation
Vitamin A - activate osteoblasts
Vitamin C - collagen synthesis
Vitamin D - necessary for calcium absorption by small inestine
Sequence of events at the neurotransmitter junction
- Nerve impulses reach the axon terminal
- Synaptic vesicles release Ach
- Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft
- Ach binds to receptor on the motor-end plate
- Channels on the motor-end plate open and Sodium enters fiber creating a depolarizations
- An action potential travels on the sarcolemma and stimulates the muscle fiber to contract
Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores calcium
What happens during the Sliding Filament Theory
I bands and H band get smaller
Classifcations of joints
Amphiarthois - slightly moveable
Synarthrosis - immovable
Diarthrosis - freely moveable
Function of osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoclasts - break down bone by secreting acids and lysosomal enzymes
Osteoblasts - create new bone
Osteocytes - mature bone cell
What is the function of the organic components of bone?
Make bone flexible.
What is the function of the inorganic compontents of bone? What is the main component?
Make bone hard. Main component is Calcium
What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?
Tendon helps our body move by connecting muscles to bone. Ligament helps to keep them stable by connecting the bones.
Descrive the structure of a muscle fiber and give a general function of each.
Sarcolemma - plasma membrane
Transverse tubules - extend through fiber
Myofibrils - contractile protein
Sarcoplasmic retriculum - stores calcium
What is a sarcomere?
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Segment of myofibril between two z-discs
What is the main protein of the thick filament?
Myocin
What is the main protein of the thin filament?
Actin
What proteins are the regulatory proteins? What are there functions?
Troponin and tropomyosin.
What proteins are the actual contractile proteins?
Actin
Describe the structure of a sarcomere.
Myofilaments - thick and thin
H zone - region in center of A band
M line - proteins that hold myosin molecules in place
A band - dark band, length of thick filament
I band - light band, contains thin filament
What is a motor unit?
One nerve fiber in all the muscle fibers
What neurotransmitter is released at a NMJ?
Acetylchline, ACh
What causes myosin to release from actin during the cross bridge cycle?
New ATP binds to myosin
