Study Guide - Lecture Test 2 Flashcards
What is a concentration gradient?
The concentration of particles is higher in one area than another
Which transport mechanisms requite ATP and which do not?
Require ATP - Primary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
Does not require ATP - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
What is the plasma membrane made up of? What is the main component?
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and sugar. The main component is phospholipids.
How does the size of a molecule affect its rate of diffusion?
The larger the molecule, the slower the diffusion rate.
How does a lipid soluble molecule enter into a cell?
Simple diffusion
What structures are found on the apical surface of intestinal cells to aid absorption? How do they aid absorption?
Microvilli. They increase the surface area.
How does facilitated diffusion work?
Substances use carrier or channel proteins to cross the membrane
What organelle contains digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
What organelle is the site of ATP synthesis?
Mitochondria
What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
Ribosomes
Where are proteins bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus?
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where are proteins packaged for secretion?
Golgi Apparatus
What is isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic?
Isotonic - has same solute and water concentrations as inside cell. Causes no visible changes.
Hypertonic - Contains more solutes than inside cells. Cells begin to shrink.
Hypotonic - Contains fewer solutes than inside cells. Cells will plump.
What is pinocytosis?
Cells engulf tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings.
What is phagocytosis?
Cell engulfs and takes in solid matter.
What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Strengthen the membrane.
Is a cell membrane permeable, non-permeable, or semi-permeable?
Semi-permeable
What process occurs when you open a bottle of perfume and can later smell in the whole room?
Simple diffusion
What organelle synthesis proteins to be secreted from cell or inserted into cell membrane?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What organelle is involved in lipid metabolism and drug detoxification?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The cell in the epidermis that activates the immune system?
Epidermal dendritic cells
Which layer of skin is avascular?
Epidermis
How does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue differ from that of epithelium?
Extracellular matrix in connective tissue - fibers (elastic, collagenous, reticular) and ground substance (gel-like substance composed of polysaccharides)
Epithelial - little extracellular material
Where are intracellular fluids? What is it made up of?
Interior of the cell. Made up of nucleoplasm and cytosol.
Where are extracellular fluids? What is it made up of?
Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Contains nutrients, hormones, salts, and water products
What is the region of hair within a follicle called?
Root
What is the region of hair above the skin called?
Shaft
Where are sister chromatids held together after DNA replication?
Centromere
What is semiconservative replication of DNA?
New DNA molecule is composed of one original DNA strand and a new synthesized DNA strand
What are the functions of adipose tissue?
Insulates, stores energy, and cushions organs
What is the makeup of each RNA nucleotide? What kinds of sugars, phosphate groups, and bases?
5 carbon ribose sugar
phosphate group
adenine, uracil, cytocine, guanine
Given a sequence of DNA, determine the sequence on the complimentary DNA strand.
Adenine pairs with Thymine. Guanine pairs with Cytocine.
What is the order of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
What directs the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division?
Centrioles
What is translation and transcription?
Translation - DNA to RNA. Occurs in nucleus.
Transcription - mRNA to protein. Occurs in cytoplasm
What part of the plasma membrane is in contact with interstitial fluids?
Phospholipic head
What kind of tissue do you find in the walls of the kidney tubules?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
What kind of tissue do you find on the palms of the hands?
Stratified Squamous
What kind of tissue is characterized by intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What kind of muscle tissue does not have striations?
Smooth muscle tissue
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
Osteon
What type of tissue is found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
Smooth muscle tissue
What kind of fibers allow connective tissue to stretch and then return to its original shape?
Elastic fibers
What do neurons do?
Transmit information
What do glial cells to?
Provide support and protection.
What type of tissue is designed for rapid diffusion and filtration?
Simple Squamous
What is the main difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
Exocrine - consists of ducts and secretes enzymes
Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete hormones
Where are the dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis?
Top to bottom of skin - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What does columnar epithelium look like? Cuboidal? Simple squamous? Transitional? Pseudostratified?
Columnar - enlongated cells. Nuclei near basement membrane
Cuboidal - cube shaped cells.
Simlple Squamous - single layer of flat cells.
Pseudostratified - all cells touch basement membrane, nuclei at various levels.
What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?
Connective tissue
Where is the basement membrane?
Below epithelium
What are the final products of mitosis?
2 genetically identical daughter cells that have all 23 pairs of chromosomes in their nucleus
What type of epithelial tissue is found in the small intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium
What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?
Stratum lucidum
What is a group of cells similar in structure and function called?
Tissue
What layer of skin contains stratified squamous epithelium?
Epidermis
What are bone cells called?
osteocytes
What are cartilage cells called?
Chondrocytes
Which membrane lines the digestive tract and respiratory tracts?
Mucous membrane
Know the five layers of epidermis and in order.
Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum
What epidermal layer produces keratinocytes?
Stratum Basale
What is the main skin pigment? What are other sources of skin pigment?
Melanin. Environmental and psychological factors
What is the water proofing protein on hair, skin and nails called?
Keratin
Which membrane covers the surface of the heart? Lung? Intestines?
Viseral pericardium, viseral plerua, viseral peritoneum
Which membrane lines the abdominal cavity? Lung cavity? Heart cavity?
Parietal peritoneum, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium
Match the phase of the cell cycle with the even that it occurs - DNA replication, DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes, chromosomes line up at the equator, daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell, divides into two daughter cells.
Interphase - DNA replication
Prophase - DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at the equator
Anaphase - Daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
Cytokensis - divides into two daughter cells.
