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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Study Guide - Lecture Test 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The concentration of particles is higher in one area than another

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2
Q

Which transport mechanisms requite ATP and which do not?

A

Require ATP - Primary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
Does not require ATP - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of? What is the main component?

A

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol and sugar. The main component is phospholipids.

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4
Q

How does the size of a molecule affect its rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the molecule, the slower the diffusion rate.

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5
Q

How does a lipid soluble molecule enter into a cell?

A

Simple diffusion

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6
Q

What structures are found on the apical surface of intestinal cells to aid absorption? How do they aid absorption?

A

Microvilli. They increase the surface area.

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7
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

A

Substances use carrier or channel proteins to cross the membrane

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8
Q

What organelle contains digestive enzymes?

A

Lysosomes

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9
Q

What organelle is the site of ATP synthesis?

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

What organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Where are proteins bound in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Where are proteins packaged for secretion?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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13
Q

What is isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic?

A

Isotonic - has same solute and water concentrations as inside cell. Causes no visible changes.
Hypertonic - Contains more solutes than inside cells. Cells begin to shrink.
Hypotonic - Contains fewer solutes than inside cells. Cells will plump.

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14
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cells engulf tiny droplets of liquid from their surroundings.

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15
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell engulfs and takes in solid matter.

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16
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A

Strengthen the membrane.

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17
Q

Is a cell membrane permeable, non-permeable, or semi-permeable?

A

Semi-permeable

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18
Q

What process occurs when you open a bottle of perfume and can later smell in the whole room?

A

Simple diffusion

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19
Q

What organelle synthesis proteins to be secreted from cell or inserted into cell membrane?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What organelle is involved in lipid metabolism and drug detoxification?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

The cell in the epidermis that activates the immune system?

A

Epidermal dendritic cells

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22
Q

Which layer of skin is avascular?

A

Epidermis

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23
Q

How does the extracellular matrix of connective tissue differ from that of epithelium?

A

Extracellular matrix in connective tissue - fibers (elastic, collagenous, reticular) and ground substance (gel-like substance composed of polysaccharides)
Epithelial - little extracellular material

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24
Q

Where are intracellular fluids? What is it made up of?

A

Interior of the cell. Made up of nucleoplasm and cytosol.

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25
Q

Where are extracellular fluids? What is it made up of?

A

Fluid on the exterior of the cell. Contains nutrients, hormones, salts, and water products

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26
Q

What is the region of hair within a follicle called?

A

Root

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27
Q

What is the region of hair above the skin called?

A

Shaft

28
Q

Where are sister chromatids held together after DNA replication?

A

Centromere

29
Q

What is semiconservative replication of DNA?

A

New DNA molecule is composed of one original DNA strand and a new synthesized DNA strand

30
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue?

A

Insulates, stores energy, and cushions organs

31
Q

What is the makeup of each RNA nucleotide? What kinds of sugars, phosphate groups, and bases?

A

5 carbon ribose sugar
phosphate group
adenine, uracil, cytocine, guanine

32
Q

Given a sequence of DNA, determine the sequence on the complimentary DNA strand.

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine. Guanine pairs with Cytocine.

33
Q

What is the order of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

34
Q

What directs the formation of the spindle apparatus during cell division?

A

Centrioles

35
Q

What is translation and transcription?

A

Translation - DNA to RNA. Occurs in nucleus.
Transcription - mRNA to protein. Occurs in cytoplasm

36
Q

What part of the plasma membrane is in contact with interstitial fluids?

A

Phospholipic head

37
Q

What kind of tissue do you find in the walls of the kidney tubules?

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

38
Q

What kind of tissue do you find on the palms of the hands?

A

Stratified Squamous

39
Q

What kind of tissue is characterized by intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

40
Q

What kind of muscle tissue does not have striations?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

41
Q

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

A

Osteon

42
Q

What type of tissue is found in the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

43
Q

What kind of fibers allow connective tissue to stretch and then return to its original shape?

A

Elastic fibers

44
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit information

45
Q

What do glial cells to?

A

Provide support and protection.

46
Q

What type of tissue is designed for rapid diffusion and filtration?

A

Simple Squamous

47
Q

What is the main difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?

A

Exocrine - consists of ducts and secretes enzymes
Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete hormones

48
Q

Where are the dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis?

A

Top to bottom of skin - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

49
Q

What does columnar epithelium look like? Cuboidal? Simple squamous? Transitional? Pseudostratified?

A

Columnar - enlongated cells. Nuclei near basement membrane
Cuboidal - cube shaped cells.
Simlple Squamous - single layer of flat cells.
Pseudostratified - all cells touch basement membrane, nuclei at various levels.

50
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?

A

Connective tissue

51
Q

Where is the basement membrane?

A

Below epithelium

52
Q

What are the final products of mitosis?

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells that have all 23 pairs of chromosomes in their nucleus

53
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

54
Q

What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

55
Q

What is a group of cells similar in structure and function called?

A

Tissue

56
Q

What layer of skin contains stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epidermis

57
Q

What are bone cells called?

A

osteocytes

58
Q

What are cartilage cells called?

A

Chondrocytes

59
Q

Which membrane lines the digestive tract and respiratory tracts?

A

Mucous membrane

60
Q

Know the five layers of epidermis and in order.

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

61
Q

What epidermal layer produces keratinocytes?

A

Stratum Basale

62
Q

What is the main skin pigment? What are other sources of skin pigment?

A

Melanin. Environmental and psychological factors

63
Q

What is the water proofing protein on hair, skin and nails called?

A

Keratin

64
Q

Which membrane covers the surface of the heart? Lung? Intestines?

A

Viseral pericardium, viseral plerua, viseral peritoneum

65
Q

Which membrane lines the abdominal cavity? Lung cavity? Heart cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum, parietal pleura, parietal pericardium

66
Q

Match the phase of the cell cycle with the even that it occurs - DNA replication, DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes, chromosomes line up at the equator, daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell, divides into two daughter cells.

A

Interphase - DNA replication
Prophase - DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up at the equator
Anaphase - Daughter chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
Cytokensis - divides into two daughter cells.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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