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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Acids

A

A substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; proton donor; compare with base.

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2
Q

Active Sites

A

Region on the surface of a globular protein (such as an enzyme) where it fits and interacts chemically with other molecules

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3
Q

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

A

A modified nucleotide with two phosphates instead of one.

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4
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Energy source used by all cells

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5
Q

Alpha-helix

A

Secondary structure of protein folding in which the amino acid chain coils into a shape like a spring.

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6
Q

Amino acids

A

An organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the building block of protein.

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7
Q

Atomic mass

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom; also known as mass number.

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8
Q

Atomic weight

A

Average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.

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9
Q

Atomic symbol

A

A one- or two-letter symbol indicating a particular element.

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10
Q

Bases

A

A substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor

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11
Q

Beta-pleated sheet

A

Secondary structure of protein folding in which side-by-side amino acid chains fold into a ribbonlike structure similar to an accordion.

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12
Q

Buffer

A

A substance or substances that help to stabilize the pH of a solution.

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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14
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy form stored in chemical bonds

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15
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down

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16
Q

Cholesterol

A

Found in cell membranes. Most important steroid.

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17
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united.

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18
Q

Covalent bonds

A

A bond involving the sharing of electrons between atoms.

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19
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Molecule is broken down

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20
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

process by which a larger molecule is synthesized from smaller ones by removal of a water molecule at each site of bond formation

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21
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

nucleic acid found in all living cells: carries the organism’s hereditary information

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22
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

Electrical energy

A

energy form resulting from the movement of charged particles

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24
Q

Electrolytes

A

a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting an electric current.

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25
Q

Electron shells

A

the region of space around an atomic nucleus where electrons are found, also called energy level.

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26
Q

Electrons

A

negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atomic nucleus

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27
Q

Elements

A

Fundamental units of matter

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28
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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29
Q

Enzyme

A

Binds to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions

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30
Q

Exchange reactions

A

a chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms

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31
Q

Fatty acids

A

a building block of fats - saturated and unsaturated

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32
Q

Fibrous (structural) proteins

A

Binds structures together

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33
Q

Globular proteins

A

Active sites fit and interact chemically with other molecules

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34
Q

Glucose

A

the principal sugar in the blood; a monosaccharide

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35
Q

Glycerol

A

a sugar alcohol; one of the building blocks of fats

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36
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak bond in which a slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of a polar molecule

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37
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles

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38
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

a compound that lacks carbon; for example, water

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39
Q

Ionic bonds

A

bond formed by the complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another (or others). The resulting charged atoms, or ions, are oppositely charged and attract each other

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40
Q

Ions

A

an atom with a positive or negative electric charge.

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41
Q

Isotopes

A

different atomic form of the same element. Isotopes vary only in the number of neutrons they contain

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42
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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43
Q

Lipids

A

organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are neutral fats and cholesterol.

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44
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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45
Q

Mechanical energy

A

energy form directly involved in putting matter into motion

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46
Q

Molecules

A

particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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47
Q

Monomers

A

single repeating unit that combines to form a polymer

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48
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar, contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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49
Q

Neutral fats

A

dietary fats; also called triglycerides

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50
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base

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51
Q

Neutrons

A

uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus

52
Q

Nucleic acids

A

class of organic molecules composed of nucleotides

53
Q

Nucleotides

A

building block of nucleic acids

54
Q

Orbital model

A

atomic model that describes the regions around the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be located

55
Q

Organic compounds

A

a compound containing carbon; examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

56
Q

Periodic table

A

a chart listing known elements and their properties.

57
Q

pH

A

the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution

58
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid containing a phosphate group. Main component of cellular membranes

59
Q

Planetary model

A

simplified atomic model that describes fixed round orbits around the atomic nucleus as likely locations where electrons can be found.

60
Q

Polymers

A

a long, chainlike molecule consisting of many similar or repeated units.

61
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Long, branching chains of linked simple sugars

62
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy; energy at rest

63
Q

Proteins

A

Built from amino acids

64
Q

Protons

A

subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus

65
Q

Radiant energy

A

energy of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes heat, light, ultraviolet waves, infrared waves, and other forms.

66
Q

Radioisotopes

A

isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior

67
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

the nucleic acid that contains ribose; acts in protein synthesis

68
Q

Salt

A

ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxyl ions) when dissolved in water.

69
Q

Saturated fats or fatty acids

A

fatty acid chains with only single carbon bonds

70
Q

Steroids

A

Organic compound with a structure containing 4 rings of carbon atoms

71
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

chemical reaction in which larger molecules are formed from simpler ones

72
Q

Triglycerides

A

compounds composed of fatty acids and glycerol; fats and oils; also called neutral fats.

73
Q

Unsaturated fats or fatty acids

A

fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

74
Q

Valence shell

A

the outermost energy level of an atom that contains electrons; the electrons in the valence shell determine the bonding behavior of the atom.

75
Q

What elements make up 96% of the body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

76
Q

What is the relationship between elements and atoms?

A

Elements are made up of atoms

77
Q

Name the subatomic particles found in an atom and where they are located.

A

Proton - located in the nucleus
Neutron - located in the nucleus
Electron - located outside the nucleus

78
Q

What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass?

A

Atomic number - number of protons in the atom
Atomic mass - sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

79
Q

What subatomic particle determines the element?

A

Protons

80
Q

Give an example of isotope. The number of what subatomic particle varies between isotopes of the same element?

A

Carbon-14. Neutrons vary.

81
Q

Identify the reactants and products in a chemical expression.

A

Reactants are atoms on the left of the equation. The product is the molecule on the right.

82
Q

Is energy added to or released when a bond is formed?

A

Energy is released

83
Q

Is energy added or released when a bond is broken?

A

Energy is added

84
Q

Which subatomic particle is involved in forming chemical bonds?

A

Electrons

85
Q

How many electrons can be found in the first, second, and third electron shell?

A

Shell 1 = 2
Shell 2 = 8
Shell 3 = 18

86
Q

When is atom stable?

A

When its outermost orbital is complete

87
Q

What is the difference between chemically inert atom and a chemically reactive atom?

A

Chemically inert atom is not reactive

88
Q

What is the rule of 8s? What is the exception?

A

Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons
The exception is orbital 1, which can only hold 2

89
Q

List and describe the 3 types of chemical bonds.

A

Ionic - electrons are completely transferred
Covalent - electrons are shared
Hydrogen - provides attraction between molecules

90
Q

In which type of chemical bond are electrons lost by one atom and given to another atom?

A

Ionic

91
Q

What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar - electrons are shared equally
Polar - electrons are share unequally

92
Q

Where can you find hydrogen bonds in the body?

A

DNA and proteins

93
Q

List and describe the 3 main categories of chemical reactions.

A

Synthesis - Atoms or molecules combine
Decomposition - Molecule is broken down
Exchange - Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made

94
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic - decomposition reaction
Anabolic - synthesis reaction

95
Q

Name and describe the 4 factors that influence the rate of a chemical change.

A

Increased temperature
Increased concentration of reacting particles
Decreased particle size
Presence of catalysts

96
Q

What is the difference between inorganic and organic molecules?

A

Inorganic - substances whose structure is not Carbon based
Organic - structure is Carbon based (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

97
Q

Name and describe some properties of water.

A

High heat capacity - water absorbs and reduces a large amount of heat before it changes temperature
Polarity/solvent - universal solvent
Chemical reactivity - important reactant in some chemical reactions
Cushioning - primary constituent of cerebrospinal fluid to protect brain and spinal cord

98
Q

Why are salts that have dissolved in solution called electrolytes?

A

They can conduct an electrical current in solution

99
Q

What is the difference between an acid and a base?

A

Acid - proton donor
Base - proton acceptor

100
Q

Given a pH value, identify it as a neutral, acidic, or basic.

A

Neutral - 7
Acidic - below 7
Basic - above 7

101
Q

Name the 4 categories of organic molecules.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

102
Q

Name the common functional groups found in organic molecules.

A

Carbonyl (C=O)
Hydroxyl (OH)
Sulfhydryl (SH)
Amino (NH2)
Carboxyl (COOH)
Phosphate (H2PO4)

103
Q

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

A

Monomer - a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
Polymer - chainlike molecules made up of many monomers

104
Q

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration synthesis - water is removed from the process
Hydrolysis - water is used to break chemical bond

105
Q

Differential between a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

A

Monosaccharide - simple sugar
Disaccharide - two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharide - long, branching chains of linked simple sugars

106
Q

What common polysaccharide is found in humans? In plants?

A

Humans - glycogen
Plants - starch

107
Q

Name a few monosaccharides.

A

Ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

108
Q

Name a few disaccharides. What monosaccharides make up each disaccharide?

A

Sucrose (glucose - fructose)
Maltose (glucose - glucose)
Lactose (glucose - galactose)

109
Q

How does the structure of a carbohydrate differ from a lipid?

A

Carbohydrate - 2 H and 1 O
Lipid - carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

110
Q

What substances are classified as lipids?

A

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids

111
Q

Describe the structure of a neutral fat.

A

Three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

112
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated - all bonds between C atoms are single bonds.
Unsaturated - some bonds between C atoms are double bonded

113
Q

What is the difference between a neutral fat and a phospholipid? What is the function of neutral fats? Of Phospholipid?

A

Neutral fat - three fatty acids, source of stored energy
Phospholipid - two fatty acids, main component of cellular membranes

114
Q

What is the most important steroid?

A

Cholesterol

115
Q

What are the building blocks of of proteins?

A

Amino acids

116
Q

Describe the general structure of an amino acid.

A

Central carbon (C)
Amine group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
“R” group

117
Q

Describe the 4 levels of protein structure.

A

Primary - unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Secondary - Beta-pleated sheet and alpha helix
Tertiary - 3D shape of the polypeptide or protein
Quaternary - two or more polypeptide chains

118
Q

What is the difference between a structural protein and a functional protein?

A

Structural - fibrous proteins bind structures together
Functional - globular proteins - active sites fit and interact chemically with other molecules

119
Q

What happens when a protein is denatured?

A

Change in the 3D shape of a protein due to a breakage of hydrogen bonds due to excessive heat or acids

120
Q

What is the function of an enzyme? Is an enzyme a carbohydrate, lipid, protein or nucleic acid?

A

Accelerate chemical reactions. Protein.

121
Q

Describe the structure of nucleotide.

A

Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar - ribose, deoxyribose
Nitrogen containing base - adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

122
Q

What bases are found in DNA? In RNA?

A

DNA: C-G, A-T
RNA: A-U, G-C

123
Q

What sugar is found in DNA? In RNA?

A
124
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and RNA.

A

DNA - Phosphate group, Deoxyribose sugar, ATCG, double helix
RNA - Phosphate group, Ribose sugar, AUGC, single polypeptide chain

125
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Provides chemical energy used by all cells

126
Q

Describe the structure of ATP.

A

Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

Human Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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