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BIOLOGY 12 > Study Guide For TEST > Flashcards

Study Guide For TEST Flashcards

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1
Q

How does life use energy

A

Takes dispersed energy and concentrates it

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System 
Organism
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3
Q

What are the 6 atoms of life

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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4
Q

What is the octet rule

A

Electrons are only found in specific shells -holds a specific number of electrons (2,8,8)
Atoms are stable when the outer shell is full of electrons

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5
Q

What are the three types of bonds

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen

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6
Q

What are ionic bonds

A

The transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal

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7
Q

What are covalent bonds

A

Form between non-metal atoms that share electrons
Shared electrons must happen in pairs
Lewis diagrams are used

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8
Q

What makes water special?

A

Oxygen is negative and hydrogen is positive (polar molecule)
When water freezes hydrogen bonds force the water into a crystalline structure
Constant cycle of atoms joining and splitting

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of living things

A 
Response to stimulus 
Gas exchange 
Reproduction
Growth/repair
Use of energy
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10
Q

What are the 5 properties of H2O

A 
Cohesion
Adhesion
Universal Solvent
Heat Inertia
Density of H2O decreases when it solidifies
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11
Q

What happened with acid in water

A

Add H ions to a solution

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12
Q

What happens to bases in water

A

Add OH- ions to a solution

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13
Q

What is the PH Scale

A

Used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
1-6 acid
8-14 base
7 neutral

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14
Q

What are organic molecules

A

Made by living things
Composed of non metal atoms (CHONPS)
Held together by covalent bonds
Large and complex (polymers- repeated units)

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15
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates

A

Source of energy

Build structures

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16
Q

What is the structure of carbohydrates

A

1) monomer= monosaccharide
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
2) disaccharides (double sugar)
3) Polysaccharide (only glucose is used)

17
Q

What is the ratio for glucose

A

C6H12O6

18
Q

How do you make maltose, sucrose and lactose

A

Glucose+Glucose=maltose
Glucose+ fructose =sucrose
Glucose +galactose= lactose

19
Q

What are the polysaccharides starch and glycogen and cellulose used for

A

Starch-used by plants to store energy
Glycogen- used by animals for SHORT TERM energy storage
Cellulose- plant made, used for structures, indigestible by most organism

20
Q

What are the functions of proteins

A 
Structures (muscle, skin, tendons etc)
Cell membranes
Enzymes (catalysts for chemical reactions)
Transporters
Hormones
****function is dependant on shape
21
Q

What is the monomer for proteins, how many are needed to build animal proteins, how many are essential and must be obtained from your diet

A

Animo acid
20
8

22
Q

How many levels of structures is protein shape determined by and what are the names

A

4

1) primary structure
2) secondary structure
3) tertiary structure
4) quaternary structure

23
Q

What does the primary structure do

A

-linear beads of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

“Dipeptide” double bond group

24
Q

What is the secondary structure

A

Discovered by Linus Pauling
ALPHA HELIX
-hydrogen bonds form between every 3rd peptide bond to create a spiral or beta sheet

25
Q

What is the tertiary structure

A
  • created by interactions between “R” groups creates a bend in the structure
  • 3 degree structure is unique to every 1 degree sequence
  • many proteins are functional
26
Q

What is the quaternary structure

A

4 subunits combine with hydrogen bonds to form a functional shape
-4 degree structure requires 2 or more 3 degree structures joined together

27
Q

What is denaturation

A

-a change in protein shake caused by environmental factors
-protein loses its structure
Factors that cause it- heating, toxins, change in PH

28
Q

What are lipids

A

Organic molecules that are insoluble in H2O

Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Steroids

29
Q

What is the functions of triglycerides (fats and oils)

A

Long term energy storage

Padding/protection

30
Q

Structure of triglycerides

A

2 different monomers- fatty acid (saturated or not) and glycerol

Glycerol+ 3 fatty acids= triglycerides

31
Q

Function of phospholipid

A

Forms phospholipid bilayer in a cells

32
Q

Phospholipid structures

A

1 glycerol
1 phosphate group
2 fatty acids

33
Q

Function of steroids

A 
Hormones 
Cell membranes (cholesterol)
34
Q

Nucleic acid function

A

Carries instructions for life from one cell to the next generation
Allows for reproduction with inheritance
Allows for random changes over time (mutations, evolution)

35
Q

Three types of nucleic acid

A

DNA
RNA
ATP

36
Q

Clues used to discover nucleic acid

A

1) Monomers were known_ nucleotides
Purines (double ring)- adenine, guanine
Pyramadines (single ring)- thymine, cytosine
2) Chagaff’s Rules
-counted up nucleotides in many species and found purines= pyramadines; A=T and C=G

BIOLOGY 12 (8 decks)

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