Study Guide For TEST Flashcards
How does life use energy
Takes dispersed energy and concentrates it
What are the levels of organization
Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
What are the 6 atoms of life
C, H, O, N, P, S
What is the octet rule
Electrons are only found in specific shells -holds a specific number of electrons (2,8,8)
Atoms are stable when the outer shell is full of electrons
What are the three types of bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
What are ionic bonds
The transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal
What are covalent bonds
Form between non-metal atoms that share electrons
Shared electrons must happen in pairs
Lewis diagrams are used
What makes water special?
Oxygen is negative and hydrogen is positive (polar molecule)
When water freezes hydrogen bonds force the water into a crystalline structure
Constant cycle of atoms joining and splitting
What are the characteristics of living things
Response to stimulus Gas exchange Reproduction Growth/repair Use of energy
What are the 5 properties of H2O
Cohesion Adhesion Universal Solvent Heat Inertia Density of H2O decreases when it solidifies
What happened with acid in water
Add H ions to a solution
What happens to bases in water
Add OH- ions to a solution
What is the PH Scale
Used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
1-6 acid
8-14 base
7 neutral
What are organic molecules
Made by living things
Composed of non metal atoms (CHONPS)
Held together by covalent bonds
Large and complex (polymers- repeated units)
What is the function of Carbohydrates
Source of energy
Build structures
What is the structure of carbohydrates
1) monomer= monosaccharide
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
2) disaccharides (double sugar)
3) Polysaccharide (only glucose is used)
What is the ratio for glucose
C6H12O6
How do you make maltose, sucrose and lactose
Glucose+Glucose=maltose
Glucose+ fructose =sucrose
Glucose +galactose= lactose
What are the polysaccharides starch and glycogen and cellulose used for
Starch-used by plants to store energy
Glycogen- used by animals for SHORT TERM energy storage
Cellulose- plant made, used for structures, indigestible by most organism
What are the functions of proteins
Structures (muscle, skin, tendons etc) Cell membranes Enzymes (catalysts for chemical reactions) Transporters Hormones ****function is dependant on shape
What is the monomer for proteins, how many are needed to build animal proteins, how many are essential and must be obtained from your diet
Animo acid
20
8
How many levels of structures is protein shape determined by and what are the names
4
1) primary structure
2) secondary structure
3) tertiary structure
4) quaternary structure
What does the primary structure do
-linear beads of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
“Dipeptide” double bond group
What is the secondary structure
Discovered by Linus Pauling
ALPHA HELIX
-hydrogen bonds form between every 3rd peptide bond to create a spiral or beta sheet
