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BIOLOGY 12 > Study Guide For #2 Testj > Flashcards

Study Guide For #2 Testj Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major functions of DNA

A

Replication

Directs protein synthesis

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2
Q

Why does DNA replicate

A

To allow cell division

  • growth
  • repair
  • reproduction
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3
Q

How does DNA replicate

A

1) unzip and unwind
- helicase splits the whole DNA molecule
2) complimentary base pairing
- new nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the exposed bases
3) DNA polymerase joins together the new nucleotides to form DNA

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4
Q

What does Semiconservative mean?

A

1/2 old 1/2 new

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5
Q

What is cloning and what are some examples

A

A type of asexual reproduction
Plants: spores, cuttings
Animals: sponges use fragmentation
Anemone use binary fission

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6
Q

What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis and what do they result in

A

Transcription: DNA-mRNA
Translation: mRNA- 1• protein

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7
Q

Describe transcription

A
  • occurs inside the nucleus
  • DNA Is used to build a segment of mRNA
    1) DNA unwinds and unzips one gene
    2) Complementary base pairing using RNA nucleotides
  • one side is used
    3) DNA polymerase joins together the RNA nucleotides to form mRNA
  • mRNA is released from DNA
  • DNA zips back up
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8
Q

What is a gene

A

One segment of DNA that codes for something

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9
Q

When is mRNA processed

A

Before it leaves the nucleus during transcription

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10
Q

What are exons

A

Useful code

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11
Q

What are introns

A

Useless code

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12
Q

What happens during Translation

A
  • occurs at a ribosome
    1) mRNA attaches to the ribosome with 2 codons
    2) tRNA molecules join tot the exposed codons at the ribosome with complimentary anticodons
    3) Ribosome shifts over one codon on the mRNA strand
  • one tRNA molecule leaves without its amino acids
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13
Q

How are cancer cells different from normal cells

A

Constantly dividing (unspecialized anaphase=disorganized growth)
Large nucleus
Lack contact inhibition (form tumors)
Cause vascularization (cause blood vessels to grow towards the tumors)
Metastasize (spread in body)

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14
Q

Cancerous tumors

A

Benign:
Usually slow growing
Non invasive (self contain)
Does not spread (metastasize)

Malignant:
Usually rapid growth
Invasive
Will metastasize (after a while)

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15
Q

What are the two stages of Carcinogensis

A

1) initiation
A mutation in a gene that controls cell division (proto-oncogene- oncogene)
Radiation, chemicals, virus

2) promotion
Removal of the control of the oncogenes
Oncogene- cell becomes cancerous
Additional mutation, decrease in body immunity, poor health

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16
Q

Treatment of cancer

A

Prevention
Early detection
Screening (mammograms, Pap smear,prostate)

17
Q

What are some signs of cancer

A 
Change in mole
Sore that does not heal
Persistent cough
Difficulty swallowing
Change in bowl movements
Unusual discharge 
Body lumps
18
Q

How to remove cancer

A

Servicial removal
Chemo therapy
radiation therapy

19
Q

What is bioengineering and how is it done

A

Altering the DNA of an organism for human use
Step 1: heat stress bacteria so they will release plasmids
Step 2: use restriction enzymes to open up the plasmid DNA
Step 3: use restriction enzymes to remove a gene of interest from another organism
Step 4: use DNA glue (ligase) joins together gene of interest and plasmid
Step 5: heat stress is used so bacteria will take in recombinant DNA

20
Q

What are some uses of bioengineering

A

Bacteria
-to make new proteins(insulin, tPA– blood clot, HGH– human growth hormone)
-to give new trait (oil digestion)
Plants
-easy to bioengineer (agrobacterium, asexual reproduction)
-resistance to environmental factors in crops
Animals
-hard to bioengineer (zygote must be used, no easy vector)
-knock out mice, enviro-pigs, increased growth

21
Q

When do humans use DNA technology

A

1) DNA fingerprints
2) DNA screening
3) gene therapy

22
Q

What is a substitution mutation

A

Changes one letter= changes one amino acid

23
Q

What is a deletion mutation

A

Removes one letter=changes all amino acids after

24
Q

What is a addition mutation

A

Adds a letter= changes all amino acids

25
Q

What is a trinucleotide repeat

A

A tail of repeated chromosomes

26
Q

What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning

A 
Reproductive= making new animals (uterus is needed)
Therapeutic= making new cells (without a uterus cells are undifferentiated)
27
Q

What DNA base pairs join together and which are equal

A

A=T

C=G

28
Q

What three components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

29
Q

What are the two bonds in DNA

A

Covalent joins all nucleotides together

Hydrogen bonds join the complimentary base pairs

30
Q

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA

A

1) ribose instead of deoxyribose
2) single strand
3) uracil instead of thymine

31
Q

In Transcription what is the role of ribozymes

A

Fix the code by taking out useless bits

32
Q

What is the purpose of a ribosome and how is the structure important

A

They synthesis proteins, ribosomes attract tRNA molecules
Clusters of RNA molecules and proteins
Ribosomes have a large subunit and a small subunit that once all parts are attached the small subunit has a small groove that helps the tRNA bind to it

33
Q

What are codons and anticodons

A

A 3 letter nucleotide

tRNA join exposed codons with anticodons

34
Q

How does translation initiate and terminate

A

Has the start code AUG in mRNA

Has the end code AUG in mRNA

35
Q

What happens to the peptide chain after termination

A

1) primary structure
2) secondary structure
3) tertiary structure
4) some go into quaternary structure

36
Q

What is a frame shift mutation

A

Changes all of the amino acids in
A protein

Addition or deletion can cause that

37
Q

What is a silent mutation

A

A mutation that doesn’t change the shape of the protein

38
Q

What is a missense and a nonsense mutation

A 
Missense= a point mutation which codes for another amino acid
Nonsense= a codon is changed to a chain terminating codon

BIOLOGY 12 (8 decks)

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