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BIOLOGY 12 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion (taking in food)
Digestion (breakdown of foods)
Absorption (taking small molecules into the body)
Elimination (removal of the undigested waste)

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2
Q

What is the structure of the digestive system

A

A tube that runs through the body from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

What is found in the mouth for ingestion

A

Jaw, incisors for biting (take food in)

Taste buds to decide quality of food (sweet+ salty=good, sour+bitter=bad)

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4
Q

What does a bitter taste indicate

A

Poison

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5
Q

What is the digestion of the mouth

A

-mechanical- chewing involving molars and tongue
-chemical- enzymes (salivary amylase)
Once the breakdown occurs a bolus of food in produced

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6
Q

How much saliva (salivary amylase) is produced per day, where is it produced, what is it made of and what is its job?

A

Saliva(1-2 L per day)
Produced in salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual~2of each)-accessory glands
Made of: water, mucus, salivary amylase
Salivary amylase breaks down starch

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7
Q

What is the Pharynx and what are the openings?

A 
"Cross roads"
Openings:
Mouth
Esophagus
Nasal cavity
Trachea (Larynx)
Eustachian tubes (ears)
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8
Q

What is the process of swallowing (pharynx continued)

A

-involves a series of events to make the “bolus”
Tongue pushed bolus to pharynx
Trachea moves up, epiglottis covers trachea
Uvula folds back and blocks nasal cavity
Bolus moves into the esophagus

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9
Q

What is the uvula?

A

The dangling bit and the back of the mouth

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10
Q

What is the esophagus

A
  • short muscular tube
  • moves bolus from pharynx to stomach
  • uses waves of muscular contractions (PERISTALSIS)
  • can work in reverse (choking, throwing up)
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11
Q

What is the tube leading into the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

What are the two sphincters and where are they found?

A

Cardiac Sphincter, Pyloric Sphincter

Found leading to and from stomach (gateway)

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13
Q

What is the duodenum

A

Tube leading from stomach

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14
Q

What is the space inside the stomach called

A

Lumen

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15
Q

What is the thick mucus lining the stomach

A

Mucin

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16
Q

What is the layer under the mucin

A

Mucosa

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17
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Contains blood vessels and is the second layer of the stomach

18
Q

What is the serosa

A

The lining of the stomach

19
Q

What are the divots in the mucosa called

A

Gasteric Pits

20
Q

What are the three cells found in the gasteric pits and what do they make

A

Goblet cells: make mucin
Parieta cells: make HCI
Chief cells: make Pepsinogen

21
Q

What are be functions of the stomach

A

1) storage: stomach can hold 2-3L of partially digested food
2) mechanical: stomach contractions blend food into think liquid (CHYME)
3) chemical digestion: HCI breaks bonds in food, pepsin begins breakdown of proteins, gasterin

22
Q

What activates pepsinogen into pepsin

A

HCI

23
Q

What does pepsin do to proteins

A

Cuts protein into different chunks (proteins into peptides)

24
Q

What is Gastrin and what does it do

A

A digestive hormone

  • released by cells near pyloric sphincters when food enters the stomach
  • gastric pits respond to gastrin by releasing Gastric Juice (HCI and Pepsin)
25
Q

What is the Duodenum?

A
  • first 10cm of the small intestine
  • receives input from 3 sources
    1) from stomach- chyme
    2) from pancreas- pancreatic juice
    2) from liver- bile
26
Q

What is the liver and what are its functions

A 
Large complex organ with many functions
Detoxifies blood
Stored excess glucose as glycogen
Produces blood proteins
Produces urea
Recycles old blood cells
Produces bile
27
Q

What is bile

A

Acts as a fat emulsifier
Mechanical digestion-not an enzyme
Increases surface area of fat available for enzyme action

28
Q

Where is bile stored and released

A

Bile is stored in the gall bladder and released through the bile duct

29
Q

What is the pancreas

A

Acts as an exocrine and endocrine glands
exocrine secretion: pancreatic secretion released into the duodenum (external)
Endocrine secretion: insulin, glucagon

30
Q

What is the pancreatic juice made of

A 
NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)-neutralizes stomach (ph 2-8)
Pancreatic Amylase (starch to maltose)
Lipase (fats-fatty acids +glyceride)
Nuclease (DNA or RNA-nucleotides)
Trypsinogen (inactive)
31
Q

What is insulin

A

Instructs cells to remove glucose from blood

Instructs liver to produce glycogen (stored glucose)

32
Q

What is glucagon

A

(Opposite of insulin)
Instructs cells to release glucose to blood
Instructs liver cells to break down glycogen

33
Q

What is gastrin

A 
Digestive hormone
Source: stomach 
Trigger: bolus enters stomach 
Target: gastric pits
Action: releases HCI and pepsinogen
34
Q

What is C.C.K

A

Source: duodenum
Trigger: chyme enters duodenum
Target: gall bladder
Action: releases bile (more if fatty food)

35
Q

What is Secretin

A

Source: duodenum
Trigger: chyme enters the duodenum
Target: pancreas
Action: release pancreatic juice

36
Q

What is Enterogasteone

A

Source: duodenum
Trigger: chyme enters duodenum
Target: stomach
Action: stops chyme release

37
Q

How long is the small intestine

A

20 feet

38
Q

What lines the outside of cells in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

39
Q

What is the lacteal

A

The ‘pillar’ in the centre of villi that helps collect all of the nutrients

40
Q

What is epithelium

A

Cells lining the villi

41
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine

A

1) finishes chemical digestion
Pancreatic enzymes work here
Also produces many finishing enzymes (disaccharides and peptides)
2) most absorption occurs in small intestine

42
Q

What gets absorbed by the villi into the lacteal and taken into blood

A

Lacteal: fatty acid, glycerol
Blood: monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide

BIOLOGY 12 (8 decks)

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