Study Guide A+P Exam CH 2

Question 1

Atoms have…

Answer 1

Protons, neutrons and electrons

Question 2

Isotopes

Answer 2

Variants of elements with different neutron counts; radioactive isotopes have applications in medicine and research.

Question 3

Valency

Answer 3

Reflects the number of electrons in the outer shell, affecting bonding behavior.

Question 4

Covalent Bonds

Answer 4

Sharing of electrons (polar vs. non-polar).

Question 5

Ionic Bonds

Answer 5

Transfer of electrons between atoms.

Question 6

Impact of hydrogen bonds?

Answer 6

Critical for structure and function of biomolecules (e.g., water, DNA).

Question 7

Hydrogen bonds common atoms?

Answer 7

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen.

Question 8

Definition of PH

Answer 8

Measure of hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 9

Acidic PH

Answer 9

Increased H+

Question 10

Basic PH

Answer 10

Increased OH-

Question 11

Buffer Systems

Answer 11

Stabilize pH; carbonic acid system, phosphate system, bicarbonate system.

Question 12

Small vs Macromolecules

Answer 12

Small molecules (e.g., glucose) vs. macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids).

Question 13

Monomers and Polymers

Answer 13

Monomers form polymers through dehydration synthesis; broken down via hydrolysis.

Question 14

Amino Acids Structure

Answer 14

Central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, R group.

Question 15

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 15

9 essential amino acids (must be obtained from diet).

Question 16

Protein Structure Levels

Answer 16

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Question 17

Protein Structure Denaturation

Answer 17

Loss of shape due to environmental factors, leading to loss of function.

Question 18

Carbs (Monosaccharides)

Answer 18

Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Question 20

Carbs (Disaccharides)

Answer 20

Sucrose, lactose, maltose.

Question 20

Carbs (Complex)

Answer 20

Starch, glycogen, cellulose; differences in structure and function.

Question 21

DNA vs RNA

Answer 21

DNA (double-stranded, deoxyribose, thymine) vs. RNA (single-stranded, ribose, uracil).

Question 21

Nucleotides Base Pairing

Answer 21

A-T, C-G in DNA; A-U, C-G in RNA.

Question 21

Triglycerides vs. Phospholipids

Answer 21

Triglycerides are energy storage; phospholipids form cell membranes.

Question 21

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Answer 21

Saturated have no double bonds; unsaturated have one or more.

Question 21

Membrane Composition

Answer 21

Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol for fluidity, eicosanoids as signaling molecules.