Final PT 2 Flashcards
The gracilis muscle is attached to the anterior surface of the tibia at one end to the pubis
and the ischium of the pelvis at the other. When the muscle contracts, hip flexion occurs.
Which attachment point is the muscle’s origin?
Pubis, ischial ramus of the pelvis
Muscle A abducts the humerus, and muscle B adducts the humerus. What is the
relationship between these two muscles?
Antagonistic (the opposite)
What does the name flexor carpi radialis longus tell you about this muscle?
It is a long muscle that is on the radial (thumb) side of the forearm that flexes the wrist.
What would you probably be doing if you were contracting and relaxing your masseter muscle?
Chewing
What facial muscle would you expect to be well-developed in a trumpet player?
Orbicularis oris
The sternocleidomastoid muscles help to flex the neck. What are their antagonists?
Trapezius, splenius capitis and semispialis capitis.
How is a prime mover different from a synergist muscle? How can a prime mover also
be considered an antagonist?
Prime mover- a muscle primarily responsible for specific movement
Synergist- assists the prime mover in executing a movement.
Prime mover as antagonist depends on the specific movement and in which direction the muscle is working.
Name two muscles that reverse the movement of the deltoid muscle.
Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi
Why can swallowing help alleviate the pressure sensations at the eardrum when an airplane is changing altitude?
It helps equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the external environment.
Name the prime mover of elbow flexion. Name its antagonist.
Prime Mover: Biceps Brachii
Antagonist: Triceps Brachii
Damage to the external intercostal muscles would interfere with what important process?
Inhalation (breathing in)
How would your body position change if someone hit you in your rectus abdominis muscle?
bend forward, tighten the muscles in the abdominal area, and hunch or assume a more protective posture to help with discomfort
Other than acting to flex the spine and compress the abdominal contents, the abdominal
muscles are extremely important in protecting and containing the abdominal viscera.
What is about the arrangement of these muscles that makes them so well suited for their
Job?
The multi-layered structure, crossed fiber arrangement, and functional roles of the abdominal muscles.
After spending an afternoon carrying heavy boxes from his basement to his attic, Joe
complains that the muscles in his back hurt. What muscle(s) is (are) most likely sore?
Erector spinae for lower back
Trapezius and latissimus dorsi for shoulders/upper back
What muscle are you using when you shrug your shoulders?
Trapezius
Baseball pitchers sometimes suffer from rotator cuff injuries. What muscles are involved
in this type of injury?
The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
Injury to the flexor carpi ulnaris would impair what two movements?
Flex the wrist and perform ulnar deviation (wrist adduction)
Which leg movement would be impaired by injury to the obturator muscle?
Lateral rotation of the hip could affect the abduction of the leg, especially in a flexed position.
You often hear of athletes who suffer a pulled hamstring. To what does this phrase refer?
A pulled hamstring typically happens when these muscles are overstretched or when they contract too forcefully. (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
How would you expect a torn calcaneal tendon to affect the movement of the foot?
Limit the foot’s ability to point downward, resulting in difficulty with walking, running, and other movements
List the four fascicle organizations that produce the different patterns of skeletal muscles.
Parallel, pennate, convergent, circular
What three primary actions are used to identify muscle groups? Give a brief description
of each action.
Flexion: Flexion is the action of decreasing the angle between two body parts, bringing them closer together.
Extension: Extension is the action of increasing the angle between two body parts, moving them further apart.
Abduction: Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
Adduction: Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.
What is the functional difference between the axial musculature and the appendicular
Musculature?
Axial musculature is mainly concerned with stabilization, posture, and respiration along the body’s central axis.
Appendicular musculature is focused on the movement and manipulation of the limbs and supporting structures like the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
The hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups are antagonists of each other, and each
group is a prime mover in its own right. What action does each muscle group perform?
The quadriceps extend the knee (straighten the leg).
The hamstrings flex the knee (bend the leg) and assist in hip extension.
What four muscle groups make up the axial musculature?
Muscles of the head and neck (e.g., facial and mastication muscles).
Muscles of the vertebral column (e.g., erector spinae, semispinalis).
Oblique and rectus muscles of the abdomen (e.g., rectus abdominis, external oblique).
Muscles of the pelvic floor (e.g., levator ani, coccygeus).
What four groups of muscles are associated with the shoulders and upper extremities?
Muscles of the shoulder (scapular muscles) – e.g., trapezius, rhomboid.
Rotator cuff muscles – e.g., supraspinatus, infraspinatus.
Muscles of the upper arm – e.g., biceps brachii, triceps brachii.
Muscles of the forearm – e.g., flexor and extensor groups, pronators, supinators.
What three functional groups make up the muscles of the lower limbs?
Hip muscles: Control movement at the hip joint (e.g., gluteal muscles, iliopsoas, adductors).
Knee muscles: Control movement at the knee joint (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings).
Ankle and foot muscles: Control movement at the ankle and foot (e.g., gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibularis muscles).
Which three muscular sites are most desirable for intramuscular injections? Why? Which
is most often used in babies.
Vastus Lateralis (thigh): Most commonly used in infants and children, offers large muscle mass, safe from nerves/vessels.
Deltoid (upper arm): Accessible, commonly used for small-volume injections in adults.
Gluteus Medius (hip): Suitable for larger volumes, but requires careful technique to avoid the sciatic nerve.
In summary, for babies, the vastus lateralis is typically the most used site for IM injections due to its size and safety.
Shelly gives her son an ice cream cone. The boy grasps the cone with his right hand,
opens his mouth, and begins to lick at the ice cream. What muscles are used to perform
these actions?
Grasping the ice cream cone involves the flexor muscles of the hand and thumb, as well as stabilizing the extensor muscles of the wrist and hand.
Opening the mouth primarily involves the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles.
Licking the ice cream uses the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, as well as the buccinator muscle to help move the tongue and shape the mouth for licking.
If CN 5 (trigeminal) is damaged or severed, what function in the body will be affected?
Sensory and motor function
Shelly suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area
Located?
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, just anterior to the central sulcus.
What senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?
Hearing, memory, language, and vision processing
What is the function of the thalamus? Hypothalamus?
Thalamus:
- Sensory relay station.
- Motor control and coordination.
- Regulates sleep and wakefulness.
- Processes pain and emotional responses.
Hypothalamus:
- Regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
- Controls autonomic functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
- Regulates the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
- Influences sleep, circadian rhythms, and emotional responses.
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Which are purely sensory? Which activates the chewing muscles? Which helps regulate heart rate and activity of the digestive tract?
12
Olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I): Responsible for smell.
Optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II): Responsible for vision.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII): Responsible for hearing and balance.
Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
Except for the vagus nerves, what general area of the body do the cranial nerves serve?
The head and neck
What are the ventricles in the brain filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
To protect the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while maintaining a stable environment for the brain to function properly.
What are the primary functions of the cerebrum?
processing sensory information, controlling voluntary movement, supporting higher cognitive functions (such as memory, reasoning, and decision-making), regulating emotions, maintaining consciousness, and facilitating learning and adaptation.
Name the lobes of the cerebrum. What functions are controlled by each lobe?
Frontal Lobe: Motor Control, Cognitive functions, Speech production, personality and behavior, executive functions
Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness, integration of sensory information
Temporal Lobe: hearing, memory, language comprehension, emotional processing
Occipital Lobe: visual processing and visual recognition
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinate and regulate motor control and balance, ensuring smooth, precise, and coordinated movement.
