Final PT 2

Question 1

The gracilis muscle is attached to the anterior surface of the tibia at one end to the pubis
and the ischium of the pelvis at the other. When the muscle contracts, hip flexion occurs.
Which attachment point is the muscle’s origin?

Answer 1

Pubis, ischial ramus of the pelvis

Question 2

Muscle A abducts the humerus, and muscle B adducts the humerus. What is the
relationship between these two muscles?

Answer 2

Antagonistic (the opposite)

Question 3

What does the name flexor carpi radialis longus tell you about this muscle?

Answer 3

It is a long muscle that is on the radial (thumb) side of the forearm that flexes the wrist.

Question 4

What would you probably be doing if you were contracting and relaxing your masseter muscle?

Answer 4

Chewing

Question 5

What facial muscle would you expect to be well-developed in a trumpet player?

Answer 5

Orbicularis oculi

Question 6

The sternocleidomastoid muscles help to flex the neck. What are their antagonists?

Answer 6

Trapezius, splenius capitis and semispialis capitis.

Question 7

How is a prime mover different from a synergist muscle? How can a prime mover also
be considered an antagonist?

Answer 7

A prime mover is a muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement where the synergist assists the prime mover in executing a movement. A prime mover can also be considered an antagonist depending on the specific movement and in which direction the muscle is working.

Question 8

Name two muscles that reverse the movement of the deltoid muscle.

Answer 8

Pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Question 9

Why can swallowing help alleviate the pressure sensations at the eardrum when an airplane is changing altitude?

Answer 9

It helps equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the external environment.

Question 10

Name the prime mover of elbow flexion. Name its antagonist.

Answer 10

Prime Mover: Biceps Brachii
Antagonist: Triceps Brachii

Question 11

Damage to the external intercostal muscles would interfere with what important process?

Answer 11

Inhalation (breathing in)

Question 12

How would your body position change if someone hit you in your rectus abdominis muscle?

Answer 12

Cause you to bend forward, tighten the muscles in the abdominal area, and possibly hunch or assume a more protective posture to alleviate discomfort.

Question 13

Other than acting to flex the spine and compress the abdominal contents, the abdominal
muscles are extremely important in protecting and containing the abdominal viscera.
What is about the arrangement of these muscles that makes them so well suited for their
Job?

Answer 13

The multi-layered structure, crossed fiber arrangement, and functional roles of the abdominal muscles.

Question 14

After spending an afternoon carrying heavy boxes from his basement to his attic, Joe
complains that the muscles in his back hurt. What muscle(s) is (are) most likely sore?

Answer 14

The lumbar portion of the erector spinae is likely involved. If the soreness is more in the upper back or shoulders, the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles could be more affected.

Question 15

What muscle are you using when you shrug your shoulders?

Answer 15

Trapezius

Question 16

Baseball pitchers sometimes suffer from rotator cuff injuries. What muscles are involved
in this type of injury?

Answer 16

The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Question 17

Injury to the flexor carpi ulnaris would impair what two movements?

Answer 17

Flex the wrist and perform ulnar deviation (wrist adduction)

Question 18

Which leg movement would be impaired by injury to the obturator muscle?

Answer 18

Lateral rotation of the hip could affect the abduction of the leg, especially in a flexed position.

Question 19

You often hear of athletes who suffer a pulled hamstring. To what does this phrase refer?

Answer 19

A pulled hamstring typically happens when these muscles are overstretched or when they contract too forcefully. (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)

Question 20

How would you expect a torn calcaneal tendon to affect the movement of the foot?

Answer 20

It would drastically limit the foot’s ability to point downward, resulting in difficulty with walking, running, and other movements

Question 21

List the four fascicle organizations that produce the different patterns of skeletal muscles.

Answer 21

Parallel, pennate, convergent, circular

Question 22

What three primary actions are used to identify muscle groups? Give a brief description
of each action.

Answer 22

Flexion: Flexion is the action of decreasing the angle between two body parts, bringing them closer together.

Extension: Extension is the action of increasing the angle between two body parts, moving them further apart.

Abduction: Abduction is the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction: Adduction is the movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.

Question 23

What is the functional difference between the axial musculature and the appendicular
Musculature?

Answer 23

Axial musculature is mainly concerned with stabilization, posture, and respiration along the body’s central axis.

Appendicular musculature is focused on the movement and manipulation of the limbs and supporting structures like the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

Question 24

The hamstring and quadriceps muscle groups are antagonists of each other, and each
group is a prime mover in its own right. What action does each muscle group perform?

Answer 24

The quadriceps extend the knee (straighten the leg).
The hamstrings flex the knee (bend the leg) and assist in hip extension.

Question 25

What four muscle groups make up the axial musculature?

Answer 25

Muscles of the head and neck (e.g., facial and mastication muscles).

Muscles of the vertebral column (e.g., erector spinae, semispinalis).

Oblique and rectus muscles of the abdomen (e.g., rectus abdominis, external oblique).

Muscles of the pelvic floor (e.g., levator ani, coccygeus).

Question 26

What four groups of muscles are associated with the shoulders and upper extremities?

Answer 26

Muscles of the shoulder (scapular muscles) – e.g., trapezius, rhomboid.

Rotator cuff muscles – e.g., supraspinatus, infraspinatus.

Muscles of the upper arm – e.g., biceps brachii, triceps brachii.

Muscles of the forearm – e.g., flexor and extensor groups, pronators, supinators.

Question 27

What three functional groups make up the muscles of the lower limbs?

Answer 27

Hip muscles: Control movement at the hip joint (e.g., gluteal muscles, iliopsoas, adductors).

Knee muscles: Control movement at the knee joint (e.g., quadriceps, hamstrings).

Ankle and foot muscles: Control movement at the ankle and foot (e.g., gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, fibularis muscles).

Question 28

Which three muscular sites are most desirable for intramuscular injections? Why? Which
is most often used in babies.

Answer 28

Vastus Lateralis (thigh): Most commonly used in infants and children, offers large muscle mass, safe from nerves/vessels.

Deltoid (upper arm): Accessible, commonly used for small-volume injections in adults.

Gluteus Medius (hip): Suitable for larger volumes, but requires careful technique to avoid the sciatic nerve.

In summary, for babies, the vastus lateralis is typically the most used site for IM injections due to its size and safety.

Question 29

Shelly gives her son an ice cream cone. The boy grasps the cone with his right hand,
opens his mouth, and begins to lick at the ice cream. What muscles are used to perform
these actions?

Answer 29

Grasping the ice cream cone involves the flexor muscles of the hand and thumb, as well as stabilizing the extensor muscles of the wrist and hand.

Opening the mouth primarily involves the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles.

Licking the ice cream uses the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue, as well as the buccinator muscle to help move the tongue and shape the mouth for licking.

Question 30

If CN 5 (trigeminal) is damaged or severed, what function in the body will be affected?

Answer 30

Sensory and motor function

Question 31

Shelly suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is this area
Located?

Answer 31

The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe, just anterior to the central sulcus.

Question 32

What senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?

Answer 32

Hearing, memory, language, and vision processing

Question 33

What is the function of the thalamus? Hypothalamus?

Answer 33

Thalamus:

• Sensory relay station.
• Motor control and coordination.
• Regulates sleep and wakefulness.
• Processes pain and emotional responses.

Hypothalamus:

• Regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
• Controls autonomic functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion).
• Regulates the endocrine system through the pituitary gland.
• Influences sleep, circadian rhythms, and emotional responses.

Question 34

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? Which are purely sensory? Which activates the chewing muscles? Which helps regulate heart rate and activity of the digestive tract?

Answer 34

12

Olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I): Responsible for smell.
Optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II): Responsible for vision.
Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII): Responsible for hearing and balance.

Trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V)

Vagus nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

Question 35

Except for the vagus nerves, what general area of the body do the cranial nerves serve?

Answer 35

The head and neck

Question 36

What are the ventricles in the brain filled with?

Answer 36

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 37

What is the primary purpose of the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 37

To protect the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream while maintaining a stable environment for the brain to function properly.

Question 38

What are the primary functions of the cerebrum?

Answer 38

In summary, the cerebrum is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling voluntary movement, supporting higher cognitive functions (such as memory, reasoning, and decision-making), regulating emotions, maintaining consciousness, and facilitating learning and adaptation.

Question 39

Name the lobes of the cerebrum. What functions are controlled by each lobe?

Answer 39

Frontal Lobe: Motor Control, Cognitive functions, Speech production, personality and behavior, executive functions

Parietal Lobe: Sensory processing, spatial awareness, integration of sensory information

Temporal Lobe: hearing, memory, language comprehension, emotional processing

Occipital Lobe: visual processing and visual recognition

Question 40

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 40

Its primary function is to coordinate and regulate motor control and balance, ensuring smooth, precise, and coordinated movement.