study guide

Question 1

define kilocalorie

Answer 1

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1kg of water by 1 degree

Question 2

define nutrition

Answer 2

the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth

Question 3

list the 6 classes of nutrients and identify the most essential one

Answer 3

protein
fat
carb
water- most essential
minerals
vitamins

Question 4

difference between direct/positive and inverse/negative association in epidemiological studies

Answer 4

a positive association means that the variables tend to be high or low together
an inverse relationship means that one variable is high while the other is low and vise versa

Question 5

what is the FDAs role in supplement regulation

Answer 5

the FDA regulates labels and their claims
set quality standards but does not test

Question 6

identify the difference between an experiment, cohort study, case control study

Answer 6

experiment: manipulate variables to test a hypothesis
cohort: follows a group over time to observe the relationship between exposure and outcome
case-control: compares people with a disease to those without to identity potential risk factors by looking back at their exposure history

Question 7

if a serving of food contains 30g of carbs, 10g of protein and 9g of fat, what is the total kcal content of the food

Answer 7

241

Question 8

kcal in carb, protein, fat, alcohol

Answer 8

4, 4, 9, 7

Question 9

nutrient vs energy density

Answer 9

nutrient density: amount of nutrients per calorie of a food
energy dense: amount of calories per gram, how many calories packed into small serving

Question 10

1 lb to kg

Answer 10

.45

Question 11

1 g to kg

Answer 11

.001

Question 12

characteristics of ultra-processed food

Answer 12

contain added oil, fat, salt, sugar, preservatives
long ingredient label

Question 13

DRIs

Answer 13

daily reference intake
provide basis for nutrition labels

Question 14

metabolic syndrome signs

Answer 14

large waist
high BP
high blood sugar
high blood triglycerides
low HDL cholesterol

Question 15

fasting blood glucose levels for healthy, pre diabetic, diabetic

Answer 15

normal: 70-99
pre diabetic: 100-125
diabetic: 126+

Question 16

purpose of HbA1c levels

Answer 16

measure and monitor blood glucose over time
shows average over past few months

Question 17

GI vs GL

Answer 17

GI: compare rise in blood glucose after eating 50g od digestible carb to the rise that occurs after eating 50g of standard source

GL: (g carb in serving x GI)/100

Question 18

why may GI and/or GL not be useful in planning diets

Answer 18

other nutrients are important

Question 19

3 primary monosaccharides

Answer 19

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 20

3 primary disaccharides, and monosaccharides they contain

Answer 20

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
lactose (glucose+ galactose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)

Question 21

signs on nutritional misinformation

Answer 21

unrealistic claims
“miracle” “cure” etc
promise quick fix
testimonials or anecdotes

Question 22

what is myplate and components

Answer 22

visual food guide
fruit, veggie, grain, protein, dairy

Question 23

organs of digestion

Answer 23

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
accessory: liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Question 24

key hormones in blood sugar regulation

Answer 24

insulin, glucagon

Question 25

when and where is insulin produced

Answer 25

pancreas beta cells; after we eat/when blood glucose is high

Question 26

when and where is glucagon produced

Answer 26

pancreas alpha cells; when we are hungry/when blood glucose is low

Question 27

process of blood glucose regulation

Answer 27

• a person eats, and blood glucose rises
• pancreas releases insulin, which helps lower blood glucose
• insulins action stimulates the liver to form glycogen
• a few hours later, glucose levels start to drop and become hungry
• if hunger is ignored, glucagon is released
• glucagon promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen, which raises blood glucose levels to normal
• person eats, and levels rise again