chapter 2 Flashcards
in the past nutrition and dietary practices were often based on
intuition
common sense
conventional wisdom
anecdotes
nutrition experts rely on
results collected from scientific research
basic steps of an experiment
observe
hypothesis
review current literature
design study, perform, collect data
analyze data, conclusion
share with peers
conduct more research
an ____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis
experiment
experiments are often conducted on
rats or mice before human
in vivo experiment
whole living organisms, mice
in vitro experiment
test tube
conducted on cells or other components derived from living organisms
evidence based
information that is based on results of high-quality scientific studies
anecdote
reports of personal experiences
treatment group
group being studies that receives a treatment
control group
group being studied that does not receive treatment
variable
personal characteristics or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome
experimental studies involving humans may be used to
obtain information about health outcomes related to specific dietary practices
randomized controlled trial
members of a large group of human subjects are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control
placebo
fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, medical procedure
placebo effect
positive response to a placebo
nocebo
negative outcome/adverse response
double blind study
experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants group assignment
single bind study
researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups
epidemiology
the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
the national health and nutrition examination survey looks at
epidemiology
nutritional epidemiology
studies if/how diet or nutrition influences health and disease
case control study
individuals with a health condition are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition
cohort study
collect information and analyze variables from a large group of people overtime
two types of cohort
retrospective
prospective
retrospective
follow back in time
prospective
start with group, follow over time
most common epidemiological study
cohort
retrospective collect information about
a groups past exposures an identify current health outcomes
prospective collects information
following a group of healthy people into the future and looks for factors that may have contributed to changes in their health
epidemiological studies cannot establish
causation
epidemiological studies can be used to
determine if simultaneously occurring events within a population may be correlated
correlation
relationship between variables
correlation occurs when
two variables change over the same period
direct correlation
positive
two variables change in the same direction
inverse correlation
negative
two variables change in opposite directions
what appears to be a correlation between a behavior and an outcome could be
coincidence
example of direct correlation
as a populations intake of sugar-sweetened soft drink increases, the percentage of overweight people in that population increase
example of indirect correlation
as a populations fruit intake increases, the percentage of people in that population with HTN decreases
different methods to analyze data allows researcher to
find relationships between variables and health outcomes
articles submitted for publication in scientific journals undergo ___ before being published
peer review
peer review
critical analysis of the study and its finding conducted by a group of peers (experts)
scientists are expected to collect and analyze data in a
honest, objective manner
peer-reviewed scientific journals require authors to
disclose funding sources
popular sources of nutrition information are meant to
catch your attention, do not undergo peer review
conflicting study results are often the result of
different study methods
testimonial
personal endorsement of a product
pseudoscience
the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
quackery
promoting useless medical treatments
practicing medicine without proper training is illegal, however _____ without proper training is legal
providing nutrition information and advice
red flags in nutrition advertisement
promise of quick and easy remedies
claims that sound too good to be true
scare tactics
personal attack on RDN
statement about the superiority of certain supplements or unconventional practices
rely on testimonials and anecdotes
promotes benefits while overlooking risks
vague, meaningless terms
sensational statements with incomplete references
recommendations based on single study
disclaimers
be careful and consider sources of internet information. consider
who/what organization sponsors site
is the information intended to promote sales
is there a comprehensive disclaimer
there is no standard definition for
nutritionist, nutritionalist
physicians generally do not have extensive college coursework in
nutrition
RD and RDN
legally protected credentials
three major professional divisions in dietetics
clinical dietetics, community nutrition, food systems management
according to the DSHEA, a dietary supplement
adds to a persons dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or botanicals
is taken by mouth
is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract
dietary supplements incude
nutrient pills
protein powder
herbal extract
conventional medical care
health practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners, such as surgical procedures, FDA-approved medications, dietary patterns that promote good health
alternative medical care
health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners, such as th use of dietary supplements, yoga, chiropractic manipulations, meditation
when the two types of health care are combined it is called
integrative medicine
dietary supplements are regulated as a category of
good nontraditional
the FDA sets quality standards on supplements but does not
test them to ensure standards are met
supplement manufactures can choose to
have quality testing done by certain nongovernmental agencies to get a seal of approval
when used properly, _____ supplements are generally safe
micronutrient
herbal supplements may contain
toxins
highly toxic or cancer causing plants
comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, kava, lobelia, ma huang
avoid using dietary supplements as
substitutes for nutritious foods
Scientists use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support
their findings. True or false?
false
Popular health-related magazines typically publish articles that have been peer-reviewed. True or false
false
By conducting observational epidemiological studies,
medical researchers can determine risk factors that may
influence health. True or false?
true
Dietary supplements include vitamin pills, as well as
products that contain echinacea, ginseng, and garlic. True
or false?
true
In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable
sources of food and nutrition information. True or false?
true
