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chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

in the past nutrition and dietary practices were often based on

A

intuition
common sense
conventional wisdom
anecdotes

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2
Q

nutrition experts rely on

A

results collected from scientific research

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3
Q

basic steps of an experiment

A

observe
hypothesis
review current literature
design study, perform, collect data
analyze data, conclusion
share with peers
conduct more research

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4
Q

an ____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

A

experiment

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5
Q

experiments are often conducted on

A

rats or mice before human

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6
Q

in vivo experiment

A

whole living organisms, mice

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7
Q

in vitro experiment

A

test tube
conducted on cells or other components derived from living organisms

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8
Q

evidence based

A

information that is based on results of high-quality scientific studies

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9
Q

anecdote

A

reports of personal experiences

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10
Q

treatment group

A

group being studies that receives a treatment

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11
Q

control group

A

group being studied that does not receive treatment

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12
Q

variable

A

personal characteristics or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome

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13
Q

experimental studies involving humans may be used to

A

obtain information about health outcomes related to specific dietary practices

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14
Q

randomized controlled trial

A

members of a large group of human subjects are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control

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15
Q

placebo

A

fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, medical procedure

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16
Q

placebo effect

A

positive response to a placebo

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17
Q

nocebo

A

negative outcome/adverse response

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18
Q

double blind study

A

experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants group assignment

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19
Q

single bind study

A

researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups

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20
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations

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21
Q

the national health and nutrition examination survey looks at

A

epidemiology

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22
Q

nutritional epidemiology

A

studies if/how diet or nutrition influences health and disease

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23
Q

case control study

A

individuals with a health condition are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

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24
Q

cohort study

A

collect information and analyze variables from a large group of people overtime

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25
two types of cohort
retrospective prospective
26
retrospective
follow back in time
27
prospective
start with group, follow over time
28
most common epidemiological study
cohort
29
retrospective collect information about
a groups past exposures an identify current health outcomes
30
prospective collects information
following a group of healthy people into the future and looks for factors that may have contributed to changes in their health
31
epidemiological studies cannot establish
causation
32
epidemiological studies can be used to
determine if simultaneously occurring events within a population may be correlated
33
correlation
relationship between variables
34
correlation occurs when
two variables change over the same period
35
direct correlation
positive two variables change in the same direction
36
inverse correlation
negative two variables change in opposite directions
37
what appears to be a correlation between a behavior and an outcome could be
coincidence
38
example of direct correlation
as a populations intake of sugar-sweetened soft drink increases, the percentage of overweight people in that population increase
39
example of indirect correlation
as a populations fruit intake increases, the percentage of people in that population with HTN decreases
40
different methods to analyze data allows researcher to
find relationships between variables and health outcomes
41
articles submitted for publication in scientific journals undergo ___ before being published
peer review
42
peer review
critical analysis of the study and its finding conducted by a group of peers (experts)
43
scientists are expected to collect and analyze data in a
honest, objective manner
44
peer-reviewed scientific journals require authors to
disclose funding sources
45
popular sources of nutrition information are meant to
catch your attention, do not undergo peer review
46
conflicting study results are often the result of
different study methods
47
testimonial
personal endorsement of a product
48
pseudoscience
the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
49
quackery
promoting useless medical treatments
50
practicing medicine without proper training is illegal, however _____ without proper training is legal
providing nutrition information and advice
51
red flags in nutrition advertisement
promise of quick and easy remedies claims that sound too good to be true scare tactics personal attack on RDN statement about the superiority of certain supplements or unconventional practices rely on testimonials and anecdotes promotes benefits while overlooking risks vague, meaningless terms sensational statements with incomplete references recommendations based on single study disclaimers
52
be careful and consider sources of internet information. consider
who/what organization sponsors site is the information intended to promote sales is there a comprehensive disclaimer
53
there is no standard definition for
nutritionist, nutritionalist
54
physicians generally do not have extensive college coursework in
nutrition
55
RD and RDN
legally protected credentials
56
three major professional divisions in dietetics
clinical dietetics, community nutrition, food systems management
57
according to the DSHEA, a dietary supplement
adds to a persons dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or botanicals is taken by mouth is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract
58
dietary supplements incude
nutrient pills protein powder herbal extract
59
conventional medical care
health practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners, such as surgical procedures, FDA-approved medications, dietary patterns that promote good health
60
alternative medical care
health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners, such as th use of dietary supplements, yoga, chiropractic manipulations, meditation
61
when the two types of health care are combined it is called
integrative medicine
62
dietary supplements are regulated as a category of
good nontraditional
63
the FDA sets quality standards on supplements but does not
test them to ensure standards are met
64
supplement manufactures can choose to
have quality testing done by certain nongovernmental agencies to get a seal of approval
65
when used properly, _____ supplements are generally safe
micronutrient
66
herbal supplements may contain
toxins
67
highly toxic or cancer causing plants
comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, kava, lobelia, ma huang
68
avoid using dietary supplements as
substitutes for nutritious foods
69
Scientists use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support their findings. True or false?
false
70
Popular health-related magazines typically publish articles that have been peer-reviewed. True or false
false
71
By conducting observational epidemiological studies, medical researchers can determine risk factors that may influence health. True or false?
true
72
Dietary supplements include vitamin pills, as well as products that contain echinacea, ginseng, and garlic. True or false?
true
73
In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of food and nutrition information. True or false?
true

IPHS nutrition (17 decks)

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