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IPHS nutrition > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

in the past nutrition and dietary practices were often based on

A

intuition
common sense
conventional wisdom
anecdotes

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2
Q

nutrition experts rely on

A

results collected from scientific research

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3
Q

basic steps of an experiment

A

observe
hypothesis
review current literature
design study, perform, collect data
analyze data, conclusion
share with peers
conduct more research

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4
Q

an ____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

A

experiment

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5
Q

experiments are often conducted on

A

rats or mice before human

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6
Q

in vivo experiment

A

whole living organisms, mice

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7
Q

in vitro experiment

A

test tube
conducted on cells or other components derived from living organisms

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8
Q

evidence based

A

information that is based on results of high-quality scientific studies

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9
Q

anecdote

A

reports of personal experiences

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10
Q

treatment group

A

group being studies that receives a treatment

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11
Q

control group

A

group being studied that does not receive treatment

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12
Q

variable

A

personal characteristics or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome

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13
Q

experimental studies involving humans may be used to

A

obtain information about health outcomes related to specific dietary practices

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14
Q

randomized controlled trial

A

members of a large group of human subjects are randomly assigned to either the treatment or control

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15
Q

placebo

A

fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, medical procedure

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16
Q

placebo effect

A

positive response to a placebo

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17
Q

nocebo

A

negative outcome/adverse response

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18
Q

double blind study

A

experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants group assignment

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19
Q

single bind study

A

researchers know which subjects are in the treatment and control groups

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20
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations

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21
Q

the national health and nutrition examination survey looks at

A

epidemiology

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22
Q

nutritional epidemiology

A

studies if/how diet or nutrition influences health and disease

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23
Q

case control study

A

individuals with a health condition are matched to persons with similar characteristics who do not have the condition

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24
Q

cohort study

A

collect information and analyze variables from a large group of people overtime

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25
Q

two types of cohort

A

retrospective
prospective

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26
Q

retrospective

A

follow back in time

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27
Q

prospective

A

start with group, follow over time

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28
Q

most common epidemiological study

A

cohort

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29
Q

retrospective collect information about

A

a groups past exposures an identify current health outcomes

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30
Q

prospective collects information

A

following a group of healthy people into the future and looks for factors that may have contributed to changes in their health

31
Q

epidemiological studies cannot establish

A

causation

32
Q

epidemiological studies can be used to

A

determine if simultaneously occurring events within a population may be correlated

33
Q

correlation

A

relationship between variables

34
Q

correlation occurs when

A

two variables change over the same period

35
Q

direct correlation

A

positive
two variables change in the same direction

36
Q

inverse correlation

A

negative
two variables change in opposite directions

37
Q

what appears to be a correlation between a behavior and an outcome could be

A

coincidence

38
Q

example of direct correlation

A

as a populations intake of sugar-sweetened soft drink increases, the percentage of overweight people in that population increase

39
Q

example of indirect correlation

A

as a populations fruit intake increases, the percentage of people in that population with HTN decreases

40
Q

different methods to analyze data allows researcher to

A

find relationships between variables and health outcomes

41
Q

articles submitted for publication in scientific journals undergo ___ before being published

A

peer review

42
Q

peer review

A

critical analysis of the study and its finding conducted by a group of peers (experts)

43
Q

scientists are expected to collect and analyze data in a

A

honest, objective manner

44
Q

peer-reviewed scientific journals require authors to

A

disclose funding sources

45
Q

popular sources of nutrition information are meant to

A

catch your attention, do not undergo peer review

46
Q

conflicting study results are often the result of

A

different study methods

47
Q

testimonial

A

personal endorsement of a product

48
Q

pseudoscience

A

the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

49
Q

quackery

A

promoting useless medical treatments

50
Q

practicing medicine without proper training is illegal, however _____ without proper training is legal

A

providing nutrition information and advice

51
Q

red flags in nutrition advertisement

A

promise of quick and easy remedies
claims that sound too good to be true
scare tactics
personal attack on RDN
statement about the superiority of certain supplements or unconventional practices
rely on testimonials and anecdotes
promotes benefits while overlooking risks
vague, meaningless terms
sensational statements with incomplete references
recommendations based on single study
disclaimers

52
Q

be careful and consider sources of internet information. consider

A

who/what organization sponsors site
is the information intended to promote sales
is there a comprehensive disclaimer

53
Q

there is no standard definition for

A

nutritionist, nutritionalist

54
Q

physicians generally do not have extensive college coursework in

A

nutrition

55
Q

RD and RDN

A

legally protected credentials

56
Q

three major professional divisions in dietetics

A

clinical dietetics, community nutrition, food systems management

57
Q

according to the DSHEA, a dietary supplement

A

adds to a persons dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients, including nutrients or botanicals
is taken by mouth
is a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, or extract

58
Q

dietary supplements incude

A

nutrient pills
protein powder
herbal extract

59
Q

conventional medical care

A

health practices that are widely accepted and used by mainstream medical practitioners, such as surgical procedures, FDA-approved medications, dietary patterns that promote good health

60
Q

alternative medical care

A

health care practices that are not widely accepted and used by conventional medical practitioners, such as th use of dietary supplements, yoga, chiropractic manipulations, meditation

61
Q

when the two types of health care are combined it is called

A

integrative medicine

62
Q

dietary supplements are regulated as a category of

A

good nontraditional

63
Q

the FDA sets quality standards on supplements but does not

A

test them to ensure standards are met

64
Q

supplement manufactures can choose to

A

have quality testing done by certain nongovernmental agencies to get a seal of approval

65
Q

when used properly, _____ supplements are generally safe

A

micronutrient

66
Q

herbal supplements may contain

A

toxins

67
Q

highly toxic or cancer causing plants

A

comfrey, pennyroyal, sassafras, kava, lobelia, ma huang

68
Q

avoid using dietary supplements as

A

substitutes for nutritious foods

69
Q

Scientists use anecdotes as scientific evidence to support
their findings. True or false?

A

false

70
Q

Popular health-related magazines typically publish articles that have been peer-reviewed. True or false

A

false

71
Q

By conducting observational epidemiological studies,
medical researchers can determine risk factors that may
influence health. True or false?

A

true

72
Q

Dietary supplements include vitamin pills, as well as
products that contain echinacea, ginseng, and garlic. True
or false?

A

true

73
Q

In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable
sources of food and nutrition information. True or false?

A

true

IPHS nutrition (17 decks)

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