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IPHS nutrition > chapter 9 water and minerals > Flashcards

chapter 9 water and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

dehydration

A

body water depletion

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2
Q

dehydration can increase risk of

A

hyperthermia

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3
Q

hyperthermia

A

very high body temp

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4
Q

dehydration can be caused by

A

restricting fluid intake, profuse sweating, combination

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5
Q

critically important nutrient

A

water

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6
Q

without water, a person can live for

A

less than 2 weeks

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7
Q

7 major minerals

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

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8
Q

9 trace minerals

A

chromium, copper, flouride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

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9
Q

6 possible essential minerals

A

arsenic, boron, lithium, nickel, silicon, vanadium

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10
Q

major minerals

A

essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100mg or more per day

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11
Q

trace minerals

A

essential mineral elements required in amounts less than 100mg per day

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12
Q

possible essential minerals

A

essential roles in the body of these minerals has not been fully determined

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13
Q

water makes up ___% body weight

A

50-75

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14
Q

___ tissue contains more water than ___ tissue

A

lean muscle, fat

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15
Q

body water content ___ with age

A

decreases

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16
Q

water functions

A

solvent
component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, joint fluid
removes waste
helps transport substances
lubricate tissues
regulate body temp
help digest food
chemical reactions
maintain blood pH

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17
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

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18
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to higher

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19
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cells, 2/3 body water

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

surrounding cells, blood plasma

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22
Q

balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids and proper hydration is maintained by

A

controlling the ion concentration in each compartment

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23
Q

ions

A

elements or small molecules with electrical charges

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24
Q

electrolytes

A

ions that conduct electricity

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25
Q

common electrolytes

A

sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate

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26
Q

intracellular molecules

A

potassium, phosphate

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27
Q

extracellular molecules

A

sodium, chloride

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28
Q

AI for total water

A

11 cups females, 15.5 cups males

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29
Q

total water intake

A

water ingested by consuming beverages and foods

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30
Q

metabolic water

A

water formed by cells as a metabolic byproduct

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31
Q

the essential balancing act

A

typical daily water intake=daily water lost by body

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32
Q

essential balancing act average

A

2.6 quarts/day, 2500ml

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33
Q

environmental factors influencing water intake and output

A

temperature, humidity, altitude

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34
Q

physiological factors influencing water intake and output

A

fever, vomitting, diarrhea

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35
Q

lifestyle practices influencing water intake and output

A

exercise, sodium and alcohol intake

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36
Q

precipitation

A

body water secreted by sweat glands in skin

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37
Q

major regulator of the body’s water content and ion concentrations

A

kidneys

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38
Q

kidneys maintain proper hydration by

A

filtering excess ions and water from blood, excrete excesses in urine

39
Q

main component of urine

40
Q

kidneys remove

A

drugs and metabolic wastes

41
Q

dehydration ____ the likelihood of forming kidney stones

42
Q

diuretic

A

substance that increases urine production

43
Q

water conservation protects against

A

dehydration

44
Q

water conservation involves hormones

A

ADH, aldosterone

45
Q

urine volume is based on

A

fluid intake

46
Q

straw colored (light yellow) urine can indicate

A

adequate hydration

47
Q

dark colored urine may be a sign of

A

dehydration

48
Q

1-2% body water loss symptoms

A

fatigue, thirst

49
Q

4% body water loss symptoms

A

loss of muscular strength and endurance

50
Q

7-10% body water loss symptoms

A

severe weakness

51
Q

20% body water loss symptoms

A

coma and death

52
Q

water intoxication

A

condition that occurs when too much water consumed in a short time period or the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

53
Q

excess water dilutes the normal sodium concentration of blood causing

A

hyponatremia

54
Q

hyponatremia signs and symptoms

A

drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor muscular coordination, weight gain

55
Q

minerals are a group of elements in

A

earths rocks, soils, and natural water sources

56
Q

minerals cannot be synthesized by

A

plants, animals, other living things

57
Q

some minerals function as

58
Q

cofactors

A

metallic ion or small molecule that activates certain chemical reactions

59
Q

bone health minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, magnesium

60
Q

transmission of nerve impulses minerals

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium

61
Q

fluid balance minerals

A

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium

62
Q

blood clotting mineral

63
Q

RBC formation minerals

A

iron, copper

64
Q

muscle contraction and relaxation minerals

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

65
Q

cellular metabolism minerals

A

iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, chromium, iodine, copper, manganese

66
Q

antioxidant defense minerals

A

selenium, zinc, copper, manganese

67
Q

growth and development minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, zinc

68
Q

need for minerals increases during

A

periods of growth, pregnancy, breast feeding

69
Q

in general, the more processing a plant food undergoes, the ___ its natural mineral content

70
Q

most plentiful mineral in the human body

71
Q

more than ___% of the body’s calcium is in bones and teeth

72
Q

calcium functions

A

bone development and maintenance
muscle contraction
blood clot formation
nerve impulse transmission
cell metabolism

73
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone cells that teat down bone tissue

74
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed

75
Q

parathyroid glands secrete

A

parathyroid hormone when blood calcium level is too low

76
Q

PTH influences

A

osteoclast activity and vitamin d activation

77
Q

thyroid gland secretes ___ when blood calcium is high

A

calcitonin

78
Q

calcitonin signals

A

osteoclasts to stop tearing down bone

79
Q

high blood calcium level inhibits ____ secretion and activation of _____

A

PTH, vitamin d

80
Q

which foods supply the most calcium in the American diets

A

fluid milk, yogurt, cheese

81
Q

phytic acid

A

whole grains, certain seeds and beans

82
Q

oxalic acid

A

leafy greens, sweet potatoes

83
Q

good plant sources of calcium

A

broccoli, leafy greens

84
Q

how to take calcium for better absorption

A

in smaller doses with meals

85
Q

calcium RDA

A

1000-1200 mg/day

86
Q

healthy adults absorb ___% of calcium in foods

87
Q

during infancy and pregnancy calcium absorption can be high as ___%

88
Q

vitamin ___ enhances calcium absorption

89
Q

calcium UL

90
Q

taking too many calcium-containing antacids or supplements can lead to

A

excessive calcium absorption and hypercalcemia

91
Q

hypercalcemia

A

higher than normal concentration of calcium in blood

92
Q

calcium toxicity signs/symptoms

A

bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, possible kidney stones

IPHS nutrition (17 decks)

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