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IPHS nutrition > chapter 9 water and minerals > Flashcards

chapter 9 water and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

dehydration

A

body water depletion

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2
Q

dehydration can increase risk of

A

hyperthermia

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3
Q

hyperthermia

A

very high body temp

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4
Q

dehydration can be caused by

A

restricting fluid intake, profuse sweating, combination

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5
Q

critically important nutrient

A

water

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6
Q

without water, a person can live for

A

less than 2 weeks

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7
Q

7 major minerals

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

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8
Q

9 trace minerals

A

chromium, copper, flouride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc

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9
Q

6 possible essential minerals

A

arsenic, boron, lithium, nickel, silicon, vanadium

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10
Q

major minerals

A

essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100mg or more per day

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11
Q

trace minerals

A

essential mineral elements required in amounts less than 100mg per day

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12
Q

possible essential minerals

A

essential roles in the body of these minerals has not been fully determined

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13
Q

water makes up ___% body weight

A

50-75

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14
Q

___ tissue contains more water than ___ tissue

A

lean muscle, fat

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15
Q

body water content ___ with age

A

decreases

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16
Q

water functions

A

solvent
component of blood, saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, joint fluid
removes waste
helps transport substances
lubricate tissues
regulate body temp
help digest food
chemical reactions
maintain blood pH

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17
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration

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18
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to higher

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19
Q

selectively permeable membrane

A

barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cells, 2/3 body water

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

surrounding cells, blood plasma

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22
Q

balance between intracellular and extracellular fluids and proper hydration is maintained by

A

controlling the ion concentration in each compartment

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23
Q

ions

A

elements or small molecules with electrical charges

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24
Q

electrolytes

A

ions that conduct electricity

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25
common electrolytes
sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, sulfate
26
intracellular molecules
potassium, phosphate
27
extracellular molecules
sodium, chloride
28
AI for total water
11 cups females, 15.5 cups males
29
total water intake
water ingested by consuming beverages and foods
30
metabolic water
water formed by cells as a metabolic byproduct
31
the essential balancing act
typical daily water intake=daily water lost by body
32
essential balancing act average
2.6 quarts/day, 2500ml
33
environmental factors influencing water intake and output
temperature, humidity, altitude
34
physiological factors influencing water intake and output
fever, vomitting, diarrhea
35
lifestyle practices influencing water intake and output
exercise, sodium and alcohol intake
36
precipitation
body water secreted by sweat glands in skin
37
major regulator of the body's water content and ion concentrations
kidneys
38
kidneys maintain proper hydration by
filtering excess ions and water from blood, excrete excesses in urine
39
main component of urine
water
40
kidneys remove
drugs and metabolic wastes
41
dehydration ____ the likelihood of forming kidney stones
increases
42
diuretic
substance that increases urine production
43
water conservation protects against
dehydration
44
water conservation involves hormones
ADH, aldosterone
45
urine volume is based on
fluid intake
46
straw colored (light yellow) urine can indicate
adequate hydration
47
dark colored urine may be a sign of
dehydration
48
1-2% body water loss symptoms
fatigue, thirst
49
4% body water loss symptoms
loss of muscular strength and endurance
50
7-10% body water loss symptoms
severe weakness
51
20% body water loss symptoms
coma and death
52
water intoxication
condition that occurs when too much water consumed in a short time period or the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood
53
excess water dilutes the normal sodium concentration of blood causing
hyponatremia
54
hyponatremia signs and symptoms
drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, poor muscular coordination, weight gain
55
minerals are a group of elements in
earths rocks, soils, and natural water sources
56
minerals cannot be synthesized by
plants, animals, other living things
57
some minerals function as
cofactors
58
cofactors
metallic ion or small molecule that activates certain chemical reactions
59
bone health minerals
calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, magnesium
60
transmission of nerve impulses minerals
sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium
61
fluid balance minerals
sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium
62
blood clotting mineral
calcium
63
RBC formation minerals
iron, copper
64
muscle contraction and relaxation minerals
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium
65
cellular metabolism minerals
iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, chromium, iodine, copper, manganese
66
antioxidant defense minerals
selenium, zinc, copper, manganese
67
growth and development minerals
calcium, phosphorus, zinc
68
need for minerals increases during
periods of growth, pregnancy, breast feeding
69
in general, the more processing a plant food undergoes, the ___ its natural mineral content
lower
70
most plentiful mineral in the human body
calcium
71
more than ___% of the body's calcium is in bones and teeth
99
72
calcium functions
bone development and maintenance muscle contraction blood clot formation nerve impulse transmission cell metabolism
73
osteoclasts
bone cells that teat down bone tissue
74
osteoblasts
bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed
75
parathyroid glands secrete
parathyroid hormone when blood calcium level is too low
76
PTH influences
osteoclast activity and vitamin d activation
77
thyroid gland secretes ___ when blood calcium is high
calcitonin
78
calcitonin signals
osteoclasts to stop tearing down bone
79
high blood calcium level inhibits ____ secretion and activation of _____
PTH, vitamin d
80
which foods supply the most calcium in the American diets
fluid milk, yogurt, cheese
81
phytic acid
whole grains, certain seeds and beans
82
oxalic acid
leafy greens, sweet potatoes
83
good plant sources of calcium
broccoli, leafy greens
84
how to take calcium for better absorption
in smaller doses with meals
85
calcium RDA
1000-1200 mg/day
86
healthy adults absorb ___% of calcium in foods
30
87
during infancy and pregnancy calcium absorption can be high as ___%
60
88
vitamin ___ enhances calcium absorption
d
89
calcium UL
2000-2500
90
taking too many calcium-containing antacids or supplements can lead to
excessive calcium absorption and hypercalcemia
91
hypercalcemia
higher than normal concentration of calcium in blood
92
calcium toxicity signs/symptoms
bone pain, muscle weakness, fatigue, possible kidney stones
93

IPHS nutrition (17 decks)

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