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IPHS nutrition > chap 4 > Flashcards

chap 4 Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and changes it can undergo

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2
Q

principles of ___ and ____ form the foundation for the scientific study of nutrition

A

chemistry, human physiology

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3
Q

elements cannot be

A

separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means

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4
Q

building blocks of matter

A

elements

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5
Q

___are elements found in the earths crust

A

minerals

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6
Q

chemical bond

A

attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule

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7
Q

molecule

A

forms when two or more atoms interact snd are held together by a chemical bond

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8
Q

compound

A

molecule that contains two or more different elements in specific proportions

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9
Q

some atoms form single bonds such as

A

hydrogen

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10
Q

solution

A

evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds

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11
Q

solution has a ____ and one or more ___ dissolved in the ____

A

solvent, solutes, solvent

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12
Q

___ is the solvent for many solutions

A

water

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13
Q

solubility

A

how easily a solute forms a solution when mixed with a solvent

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14
Q

ion

A

atom/group of atoms that have an electrical charge

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15
Q

ions form when

A

an atom/group of atoms gain or lose one or more electrons

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16
Q

electrolytes

A

ions of minerals that conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water

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17
Q

acids

A

substances that donate or lose H+ ions

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18
Q

bases

A

substances that accept or remove H+ ions

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19
Q

pH

A

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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20
Q

substances with low pH values contain ___ H+ and are more ____

A

more, acidic

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21
Q

substances with high pH values contain ___H+ and are more ___

A

less, basic

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22
Q

pH gastric juice

A

1.5-3.5

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23
Q

pH saliva

A

6.3-6.6

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24
Q

chemical reaction

A

process that changes the arrangement of atoms in molecules

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25
Q

digestion

A

process by which molecules in food are mechanically and chemically broken down into smaller ones

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26
Q

___ is a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base

A

salt

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27
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

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28
Q

catabolism

A

reactions that involve breaking down molecules

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29
Q

anabolism

A

reactions that involve synthesizing new compounds

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30
Q

enzymes

A

molecule that catalyzes a particular chemical reaction but is not altered during the process

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31
Q

enzymes are sensitive to

A

environmental conditions

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32
Q

enzymes end in

A

ase

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33
Q

sucrose is turned to glucose and fructose via

A

sucrase

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34
Q

smallest living functional unit in an organism

A

cell

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35
Q

structures in cells that have specific functions

A

organelles

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36
Q

movement of substances into and out of the cell occurs in the

A

plasma membrane

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37
Q

organization and expression of the genetic material occurs in the

A

nucleus

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38
Q

protein synthesis occurs in the

A

ribosome

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39
Q

cytoplasm contains

A

organelles

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40
Q

site of ATP synthesis

A

mitochondrion

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41
Q

tissues

A

masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions

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42
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cells that line every body surface, including skin and the inside of blood vessels

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43
Q

connective tissue

A

fat, bone, blood

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44
Q

organ

A

collection of tissues that function in a related fashion

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45
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work together for a similar purpose

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46
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival

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47
Q

cell–>___–>___–>____

A

tissue, organ, system

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48
Q

digestive system major organs/tissues

A

mouth
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
intestines
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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49
Q

circulates blood through the body

A

cardiovascular system

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50
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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51
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels

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52
Q

veins

A

vessels that return blood to the heart

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53
Q

enables the body to exchange oxygen and CO2

A

respiratory

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54
Q

primary structure of the respiratory system

A

lungs

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55
Q

helps defend the body against disease

A

lymphatic system

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56
Q

lymphatic system includes

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph

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57
Q

urinary system includes

A

kidneys, bladder

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58
Q

kidney function

A

filter unneeded substances from blood and maintain fluid balance

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59
Q

bladder function

A

stores urine

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60
Q

muscles enable

A

movement to occur, provide stability for the body

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61
Q

skeletal system includes

A

bones, tendons, ligaments

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62
Q

bones store

A

certain minerals, produce RBC

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63
Q

nervous system includes the

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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64
Q

the brain produces _______ and controls ____

A

various intellectual functions and emotional responses
many bodily functions

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65
Q

nervous system cells transmit info and responses via

A

electrical and chemical signals

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66
Q

endocrine system includes organs and tissues that

A

produce hormones

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67
Q

hormones

A

regulate a variety of physiological activities

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68
Q

integumentary system includes

A

skin, hair, nails

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69
Q

largest organ of the body

A

skin

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70
Q

skin protects against

A

minor injuries and disease-causing agents and helps maintain temperature

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71
Q

main function of reproductive system

A

produce children

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72
Q

digestive system primary roles

A

digestion, absorption

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73
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of large food molecules into smaller components

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74
Q

absorption

A

process by which substances are taken up by the GI tract and enter the blood stream or lymph

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75
Q

GI tract

A

muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus

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76
Q

GI tract organs

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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77
Q

nutrients already in their simplest form are not

A

digested

78
Q

bioavailability

A

extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them

79
Q

____ food can enhance absorption

A

cooking

80
Q

digestion begins

A

in the mouth

81
Q

mouth mechanical digestion

A

biting, tearing, grinding food into smaller pieces

82
Q

tongue helps form a

A

bolus

83
Q

bolus

A

rounded mass of chewed food

84
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the GI tract

85
Q

saliva mixes and lubricates food with the aid of

A

mucus

86
Q

enzyme that begins starch digestion

A

salivary amylase

87
Q

enzyme for fat

A

lingual lipase

88
Q

taste buds

A

specialized sensory structures located primarily on the tongue

89
Q

6 tastes

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, fatty

90
Q

smell contributes to the

A

ability to taste food

91
Q

during chewing, chemicals In food become airborne and

A

stimulate nasal passages

92
Q

what does the brain do to identify flavors

A

combine sensory information relayed from the mouth and nasal passages

93
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting pharynx to stomach

94
Q

esophagus function

A

move a bolus from the back of the mouth, through the esophagus, and into the stomach

95
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that folds down over larynx when you swallow to prevent food from entering the trachea

96
Q

peristalsis

A

muscular contraction of the GI tract that moves small amounts of food and beverages through the digestive tract

97
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac that can expand and hold food

98
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

section of the esophagus next to the stomach that controls the opening to the stomach

99
Q

as food enters the stomach, the ____ constricts, which

A

sphincter
closes off the end of the esophagus and keeps food in the stomach

100
Q

gastric juice

A

water, HCl, enzymes

101
Q

HCl makes ___ easier to digest, activates ___ and kills _____

A

protein, pepsin, disease-causing organisms

102
Q

stomach mechanical digestion

A

churning of the stomach walls

103
Q

stomach chemical digestion

A

HCl and enzymes (pepsin)

104
Q

chyme

A

mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food

105
Q

mucus

A

lubricates and protects stomach walls from HCl and enzymes

106
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

controls rate at which chyme is released into small intestine

107
Q

must digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the

A

small intestine

108
Q

3 sections of sm intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

109
Q

segmentation

A

mixes chyme back and forth in the sm intestine

110
Q

large surface area of the ___ of the small intestine

A

lumen

111
Q

villi

A

tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food

112
Q

absorptive cells

A

found on each villus, contain microvilli on the end of each absorptive cell

113
Q

absorptive cell function

A

move nutrients from chyme into intestinal capillaries or lymph vessels

114
Q

water-soluble nutrients enter capillaries of ___ and travel to the liver via the ______-

A

villi
hepatic portal vein

115
Q

chylomicrons

A

particles formed by small intestinal cells that transport lipids in the bloodstream

116
Q

most fat soluble nutrients form ____, which enter ___ and eventually the bloodstream

A

chylomicrons
lacteals

117
Q

lacteals

A

structures of the lymphatic system

118
Q

absorptive cells are constantly being

A

shed, replaced

119
Q

weight loss and diarrhea are often signs of

A

nutrient malabsorption and chronic nutrient-deficiency diseases

120
Q

the liver has many functions including

A

monitoring the blood nutrient content, detoxifying many harmful substances, making glucose, storing various nutrients

121
Q

creates a barrier to agents of infection in food and water from being absorbed

A

mucus

122
Q

areas of specialized cells called Peyers patches in the ileum provide

A

immune protection

123
Q

Peters patches produce

A

antibodies

124
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that recognize and help destroy agents of infection

125
Q

inflammation

A

sign of the immune systems response to an agent of infection or a disease process

126
Q

signs/symptoms of inflammation

A

pain, tissue redness and swelling, loss of function, fever

127
Q

digestive accessory organs

A

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

128
Q

pancreas

A

produces most of the digestive enzymes that breakdown carbs, protein and fay

129
Q

___ stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

A

cholecystokinin

130
Q

pancreas secretes

A

bicarbonate ions, which neutralize HCl in chyme

131
Q

liver

A

process and stores many nutrients

132
Q

liver makes

A

cholesterol and bile

133
Q

bile

A

substance that assists in fat digestion and absorption

134
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile until needed

135
Q

gallstones

A

made from cholesterol
can cause considerable pain if block ducts where bile travels

136
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

production of thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways

137
Q

cystic fibrosis can interfere with digestion, especially for

A

fat
fat malabsorption

138
Q

minimal nutrient absorption occurs here

A

large intestine

139
Q

feces

A

form as undigested material, becomes semisolid

140
Q

rectum

A

lower part of large intestine where feces are stored until elimination

141
Q

feces contain

A

large numbers of various intestinal bacteria

142
Q

the large intestine contains microbes called

A

gut microbiota

143
Q

gut microbiota can

A

make vitamin K, thiamin, biotin
metabolize undigested food
produce intestinal gas

144
Q

___, ____, ___ and ___ can alter normal diversity of gut microbiota leading to an imbalance that results in _____

A

starvation, antibiotics, stress, poor diet
intestinal dysbiosis

145
Q

gut microbiota transplantation

A

fecal transplant
treat C-diff, ulcerative colitis, chrons

146
Q

probiotics

A

live, beneficial gut microbes that have been cultured under lab conditions

147
Q

probiotics may help prevent treat

A

diarrhea or certain intestinal disorders

148
Q

prebiotics

A

forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans

149
Q

prebiotics can support and promote

A

growth of beneficial gut microbes

150
Q

prebiotics found in

A

fruits, vegetables, whole grains

151
Q

IBD

A

chronic diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of intestines

152
Q

most common forms of IBD

A

UC, chrons

153
Q

UC

A

ulcers form in the inner lining of the large intestine

154
Q

signs/symptoms of UC

A

painful abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia

155
Q

chrons disease primarily affects

A

ileum, colon

156
Q

signs/symptoms of chrons

A

diarrhea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss

157
Q

constipation

A

difficult, infrequent bowel movements <3/week

158
Q

constipation common causes

A

older age, pregnancy
inadequate intake of dietary fiber, water
medications, health condition
change in routine
ignoring need to defecate

159
Q

chronic constipation can lead to

A

inflamed hemorrhoids and diverticula

160
Q

_______ may help reduce constipation

A

increasing intake of dietary fiber and water

161
Q

diarrhea

A

frequent bowel movements with loose stools

162
Q

diarrhea causes

A

bacterial or viral

163
Q

diarrhea treatment

A

consume fluids with electrolytes and simple sugars

164
Q

immediate medical attention is required for (diarrhea)

A

severe in infant or older
blood
lasts more than a week

165
Q

vomitting

A

abdominal muscles contract, forcibly expelling the contents of the stomach and duodenal out of the body via the mouth

166
Q

vomiting causes

A

ingestion of toxic substance or excessive alcohol
intense pain
food allergies
motion sickness
hormonal changes
migraine headaches

167
Q

vomiting treatment

A

avoid solid food
sip water, clear liquid

168
Q

contact physician if (vomiting)

A

contains blood
fever, confusion, abdominal pain
dehydration signs
lasts more than a few hours (kids) or a day (adults)

169
Q

GERD

A

heartburn
acid reflux

170
Q

acid reflux damages

A

wall of lower esophagus, causes ulcers

171
Q

GERD risk factors

A

pregnancy, cigarette smoking, excess body fat, alcohol, certain food

172
Q

GERD dietary advice

A

small, more frequent meals
do not overat
limit spicy, greasy, tomato, peppermint, caffeine, alcohol, chocolate

173
Q

GERD other advice

A

lose excess weight
do not lay down < 3 hours after eating
avoid cigarettes
elevate head of bed 6-8in
do not wear tight belts or tight waistbands

174
Q

GERD medications

A

those that inhibit stomach acid production

175
Q

peptic ulcer

A

sore in the lining of stomach or duodenum

176
Q

peptic ulcer symptoms

A

dull, burning pain in upper abdominal area when the stomach is empties

177
Q

peptic ulcer causes

A

helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach
cigarettes, heavy alcohol consumption, NSAIDs

178
Q

peptic ulcer prevention/treatment

A

antibiotics
medication to reduce stomach acid production

179
Q

IBS

A

intestinal cramps, bloating, gas, abnormal bowel function

180
Q

IBS causes

A

unknown, HI infections, emotional stress

181
Q

IBS treatment

A

low FODMAP diet
stress management

182
Q

colorectal cancer

A

cancer that develops in either the colon or the rectum

183
Q

sign/symptoms of colorectal cancer

A

change in bowel movements
sensation of incomplete bowel movement
bloody or dark stool
abdominal cramp, gut pain
unusual tiredness
involuntary weight loss
anemia

184
Q

colorectal risk factos

A

> 50 years old
family history
colorectal polyps, UC, chrons, type 2 diabetes
lots of red and processed meat
excess body fat, physically inactive
smoking, drinking
African or Ashkenazi jewish ancestry

185
Q

colorectal cancer treatment

A

surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy

186
Q

The atom is the smallest living unit in the body. True or
false?

A

false

187
Q

The stomach produces gastric juice that contains
hydrochloric acid. True or false

A

true

188
Q

digestion begins in the stomach. true or false?

A

false

189
Q

The gut microbiota is the various microbes, primarily the
bacteria, that live in the gastrointestinal tract. True or
false?

A

true

190
Q

Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) include
constipation and diarrhea. True or false?

A

true

IPHS nutrition (10 decks)

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