chap 4 Flashcards
1
Q
chemistry
A
the study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and changes it can undergo
2
Q
principles of ___ and ____ form the foundation for the scientific study of nutrition
A
chemistry, human physiology
3
Q
elements cannot be
A
separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means
4
Q
building blocks of matter
A
elements
5
Q
___are elements found in the earths crust
A
minerals
6
Q
chemical bond
A
attraction that holds atoms together to form a molecule
7
Q
molecule
A
forms when two or more atoms interact snd are held together by a chemical bond
8
Q
compound
A
molecule that contains two or more different elements in specific proportions
9
Q
some atoms form single bonds such as
A
hydrogen
10
Q
solution
A
evenly distributed mixture of two or more compounds
11
Q
solution has a ____ and one or more ___ dissolved in the ____
A
solvent, solutes, solvent
12
Q
___ is the solvent for many solutions
A
water
13
Q
solubility
A
how easily a solute forms a solution when mixed with a solvent
14
Q
ion
A
atom/group of atoms that have an electrical charge
15
Q
ions form when
A
an atom/group of atoms gain or lose one or more electrons
16
Q
electrolytes
A
ions of minerals that conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water
17
Q
acids
A
substances that donate or lose H+ ions
18
Q
bases
A
substances that accept or remove H+ ions
19
Q
pH
A
measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
20
Q
substances with low pH values contain ___ H+ and are more ____
A
more, acidic
21
Q
substances with high pH values contain ___H+ and are more ___
A
less, basic
22
Q
pH gastric juice
A
1.5-3.5
23
Q
pH saliva
A
6.3-6.6
24
Q
chemical reaction
A
process that changes the arrangement of atoms in molecules
25
digestion
process by which molecules in food are mechanically and chemically broken down into smaller ones
26
___ is a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base
salt
27
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells
28
catabolism
reactions that involve breaking down molecules
29
anabolism
reactions that involve synthesizing new compounds
30
enzymes
molecule that catalyzes a particular chemical reaction but is not altered during the process
31
enzymes are sensitive to
environmental conditions
32
enzymes end in
ase
33
sucrose is turned to glucose and fructose via
sucrase
34
smallest living functional unit in an organism
cell
35
structures in cells that have specific functions
organelles
36
movement of substances into and out of the cell occurs in the
plasma membrane
37
organization and expression of the genetic material occurs in the
nucleus
38
protein synthesis occurs in the
ribosome
39
cytoplasm contains
organelles
40
site of ATP synthesis
mitochondrion
41
tissues
masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions
42
epithelial tissue
cells that line every body surface, including skin and the inside of blood vessels
43
connective tissue
fat, bone, blood
44
organ
collection of tissues that function in a related fashion
45
organ system
group of organs that work together for a similar purpose
46
homeostasis
maintenance of an internal chemical and physical environment that is critical for good health and survival
47
cell-->___-->___-->____
tissue, organ, system
48
digestive system major organs/tissues
mouth
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
intestines
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
49
circulates blood through the body
cardiovascular system
50
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
51
capillaries
smallest blood vessels
52
veins
vessels that return blood to the heart
53
enables the body to exchange oxygen and CO2
respiratory
54
primary structure of the respiratory system
lungs
55
helps defend the body against disease
lymphatic system
56
lymphatic system includes
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph
57
urinary system includes
kidneys, bladder
58
kidney function
filter unneeded substances from blood and maintain fluid balance
59
bladder function
stores urine
60
muscles enable
movement to occur, provide stability for the body
61
skeletal system includes
bones, tendons, ligaments
62
bones store
certain minerals, produce RBC
63
nervous system includes the
brain, spinal cord, nerves
64
the brain produces _______ and controls ____
various intellectual functions and emotional responses
many bodily functions
65
nervous system cells transmit info and responses via
electrical and chemical signals
66
endocrine system includes organs and tissues that
produce hormones
67
hormones
regulate a variety of physiological activities
68
integumentary system includes
skin, hair, nails
69
largest organ of the body
skin
70
skin protects against
minor injuries and disease-causing agents and helps maintain temperature
71
main function of reproductive system
produce children
72
digestive system primary roles
digestion, absorption
73
digestion
breakdown of large food molecules into smaller components
74
absorption
process by which substances are taken up by the GI tract and enter the blood stream or lymph
75
GI tract
muscular tube that extends from mouth to anus
76
GI tract organs
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
77
nutrients already in their simplest form are not
digested
78
bioavailability
extent to which digestive tract absorbs nutrients and how well the body uses them
79
____ food can enhance absorption
cooking
80
digestion begins
in the mouth
81
mouth mechanical digestion
biting, tearing, grinding food into smaller pieces
82
tongue helps form a
bolus
83
bolus
rounded mass of chewed food
84
chemical digestion
chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the GI tract
85
saliva mixes and lubricates food with the aid of
mucus
86
enzyme that begins starch digestion
salivary amylase
87
enzyme for fat
lingual lipase
88
taste buds
specialized sensory structures located primarily on the tongue
89
6 tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, fatty
90
smell contributes to the
ability to taste food
91
during chewing, chemicals In food become airborne and
stimulate nasal passages
92
what does the brain do to identify flavors
combine sensory information relayed from the mouth and nasal passages
93
esophagus
tube connecting pharynx to stomach
94
esophagus function
move a bolus from the back of the mouth, through the esophagus, and into the stomach
95
epiglottis
flap of tissue that folds down over larynx when you swallow to prevent food from entering the trachea
96
peristalsis
muscular contraction of the GI tract that moves small amounts of food and beverages through the digestive tract
97
stomach
muscular sac that can expand and hold food
98
lower esophageal sphincter
section of the esophagus next to the stomach that controls the opening to the stomach
99
as food enters the stomach, the ____ constricts, which
sphincter
closes off the end of the esophagus and keeps food in the stomach
100
gastric juice
water, HCl, enzymes
101
HCl makes ___ easier to digest, activates ___ and kills _____
protein, pepsin, disease-causing organisms
102
stomach mechanical digestion
churning of the stomach walls
103
stomach chemical digestion
HCl and enzymes (pepsin)
104
chyme
mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food
105
mucus
lubricates and protects stomach walls from HCl and enzymes
106
pyloric sphincter
controls rate at which chyme is released into small intestine
107
must digestion and nutrient absorption occurs in the
small intestine
108
3 sections of sm intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
109
segmentation
mixes chyme back and forth in the sm intestine
110
large surface area of the ___ of the small intestine
lumen
111
villi
tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestinal lining that participate in digesting and absorbing food
112
absorptive cells
found on each villus, contain microvilli on the end of each absorptive cell
113
absorptive cell function
move nutrients from chyme into intestinal capillaries or lymph vessels
114
water-soluble nutrients enter capillaries of ___ and travel to the liver via the ______-
villi
hepatic portal vein
115
chylomicrons
particles formed by small intestinal cells that transport lipids in the bloodstream
116
most fat soluble nutrients form ____, which enter ___ and eventually the bloodstream
chylomicrons
lacteals
117
lacteals
structures of the lymphatic system
118
absorptive cells are constantly being
shed, replaced
119
weight loss and diarrhea are often signs of
nutrient malabsorption and chronic nutrient-deficiency diseases
120
the liver has many functions including
monitoring the blood nutrient content, detoxifying many harmful substances, making glucose, storing various nutrients
121
creates a barrier to agents of infection in food and water from being absorbed
mucus
122
areas of specialized cells called Peyers patches in the ileum provide
immune protection
123
Peters patches produce
antibodies
124
antibodies
proteins that recognize and help destroy agents of infection
125
inflammation
sign of the immune systems response to an agent of infection or a disease process
126
signs/symptoms of inflammation
pain, tissue redness and swelling, loss of function, fever
127
digestive accessory organs
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
128
pancreas
produces most of the digestive enzymes that breakdown carbs, protein and fay
129
___ stimulates pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
cholecystokinin
130
pancreas secretes
bicarbonate ions, which neutralize HCl in chyme
131
liver
process and stores many nutrients
132
liver makes
cholesterol and bile
133
bile
substance that assists in fat digestion and absorption
134
gallbladder
stores bile until needed
135
gallstones
made from cholesterol
can cause considerable pain if block ducts where bile travels
136
cystic fibrosis
production of thick, sticky mucus that blocks passageways
137
cystic fibrosis can interfere with digestion, especially for
fat
fat malabsorption
138
minimal nutrient absorption occurs here
large intestine
139
feces
form as undigested material, becomes semisolid
140
rectum
lower part of large intestine where feces are stored until elimination
141
feces contain
large numbers of various intestinal bacteria
142
the large intestine contains microbes called
gut microbiota
143
gut microbiota can
make vitamin K, thiamin, biotin
metabolize undigested food
produce intestinal gas
144
___, ____, ___ and ___ can alter normal diversity of gut microbiota leading to an imbalance that results in _____
starvation, antibiotics, stress, poor diet
intestinal dysbiosis
145
gut microbiota transplantation
fecal transplant
treat C-diff, ulcerative colitis, chrons
146
probiotics
live, beneficial gut microbes that have been cultured under lab conditions
147
probiotics may help prevent treat
diarrhea or certain intestinal disorders
148
prebiotics
forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans
149
prebiotics can support and promote
growth of beneficial gut microbes
150
prebiotics found in
fruits, vegetables, whole grains
151
IBD
chronic diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of intestines
152
most common forms of IBD
UC, chrons
153
UC
ulcers form in the inner lining of the large intestine
154
signs/symptoms of UC
painful abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia
155
chrons disease primarily affects
ileum, colon
156
signs/symptoms of chrons
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss
157
constipation
difficult, infrequent bowel movements <3/week
158
constipation common causes
older age, pregnancy
inadequate intake of dietary fiber, water
medications, health condition
change in routine
ignoring need to defecate
159
chronic constipation can lead to
inflamed hemorrhoids and diverticula
160
_______ may help reduce constipation
increasing intake of dietary fiber and water
161
diarrhea
frequent bowel movements with loose stools
162
diarrhea causes
bacterial or viral
163
diarrhea treatment
consume fluids with electrolytes and simple sugars
164
immediate medical attention is required for (diarrhea)
severe in infant or older
blood
lasts more than a week
165
vomitting
abdominal muscles contract, forcibly expelling the contents of the stomach and duodenal out of the body via the mouth
166
vomiting causes
ingestion of toxic substance or excessive alcohol
intense pain
food allergies
motion sickness
hormonal changes
migraine headaches
167
vomiting treatment
avoid solid food
sip water, clear liquid
168
contact physician if (vomiting)
contains blood
fever, confusion, abdominal pain
dehydration signs
lasts more than a few hours (kids) or a day (adults)
169
GERD
heartburn
acid reflux
170
acid reflux damages
wall of lower esophagus, causes ulcers
171
GERD risk factors
pregnancy, cigarette smoking, excess body fat, alcohol, certain food
172
GERD dietary advice
small, more frequent meals
do not overat
limit spicy, greasy, tomato, peppermint, caffeine, alcohol, chocolate
173
GERD other advice
lose excess weight
do not lay down < 3 hours after eating
avoid cigarettes
elevate head of bed 6-8in
do not wear tight belts or tight waistbands
174
GERD medications
those that inhibit stomach acid production
175
peptic ulcer
sore in the lining of stomach or duodenum
176
peptic ulcer symptoms
dull, burning pain in upper abdominal area when the stomach is empties
177
peptic ulcer causes
helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach
cigarettes, heavy alcohol consumption, NSAIDs
178
peptic ulcer prevention/treatment
antibiotics
medication to reduce stomach acid production
179
IBS
intestinal cramps, bloating, gas, abnormal bowel function
180
IBS causes
unknown, HI infections, emotional stress
181
IBS treatment
low FODMAP diet
stress management
182
colorectal cancer
cancer that develops in either the colon or the rectum
183
sign/symptoms of colorectal cancer
change in bowel movements
sensation of incomplete bowel movement
bloody or dark stool
abdominal cramp, gut pain
unusual tiredness
involuntary weight loss
anemia
184
colorectal risk factos
>50 years old
family history
colorectal polyps, UC, chrons, type 2 diabetes
lots of red and processed meat
excess body fat, physically inactive
smoking, drinking
African or Ashkenazi jewish ancestry
185
colorectal cancer treatment
surgery, chemotherapy, biological therapy, radiation therapy
186
The atom is the smallest living unit in the body. True or
false?
false
187
The stomach produces gastric juice that contains
hydrochloric acid. True or false
true
188
digestion begins in the stomach. true or false?
false
189
The gut microbiota is the various microbes, primarily the
bacteria, that live in the gastrointestinal tract. True or
false?
true
190
Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) include
constipation and diarrhea. True or false?
true
