nutrition for a lifetime Flashcards
prenatal period
time between conception and birth
aka pregnancy
lactation
milk production for breastfeeding
life stages
prenatal
lactation
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adult
older adult
why study nutrition for different life stages
you may become a parent in the future
your parents and grandparents may experience declining physical fin
you are likely to experience these changes
long-term health related practices
conception
moment when a sperm enters an egg
preconception period
before a female of childbearing age becomes pregnant, and a male who is sexually mature father of a child
before pregnancy, lifestyle choices of females and males influence the chances of having a normal pregnancy and healthy baby. these include
consuming nutritionally adequate diet
achieve and maintain healthy BMI
avoid harmful drugs
exercise regularly
gestation
conception to birth of full term infant
full term infant
38-42 weeks
fertilized egg divides repeatedly after conception forming a mass of cells that enters the
uterus
embryo
human organism from 14 days to 8 weeks after conception
fetus
human organism from 8 weeks after conception until birth
first trimester: embryo develops
most of its organs
prenatal critical stage occurs in ___ trimester
first
first trimester critical stage
negative effects of nutrient deficiencies and excesses and exposure to toxic compounds
sedan semester: organs continue to grow and mature; has fully formed ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____
arms, hands, fingers, legs, feet, toes
third trimester fetus ____ in length, multiplies weight by ____
doubles
3-4
placenta
organ of pregnancy that connects the uterus to the embryo/fetus via the umbilical cord
placenta function
transfer nutrients and O2 into fetus
transfer waste from fetus to mothers bloodstream to eliminate
the placenta does not filter
many microbes and toxic substances
a fetus needs to spend at least ____ weeks developing in the uterus to not need special care after birth
37
low birth weight baby
<5.5 lb at birth
second leading cause of infant death
low birth weight
LBW infants are more likely to occur with
younger females (<20)
older females (>40)
females who smoke
LBW is often associated with
preterm or premature birth
preterm
born before 37th week
early preterm
born before 34th week
prolactin stimulates
development of milk producing tissue in the breast
morning sickness
nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy that can occur at any time of the day
morning sickness usual time frame
early first trimester to 16th week
morning sickness tips
avoid odors and fried or greasy foods; smaller but more frequent meals and snacks; ginger tea
in the first trimester fatigue may result from
physiological anemia
physiological anemia
lower concentration of RBD in blood stream, normal in pregnancy
in the first trimester blood volume increases by
150%
third trimester fatigue may be due to
physical demand of carrying a rapidly growing fetus
edema
fluid retention that usually results in minor swelling, especially hands and feet
pregnancy constipation can occur due to
hormones from placenta that relax digestive tract
pregnancy constipation treatment
adequate intake of fiber and fluid
pregnancy heartburn can occur due to
uterus pushing upward in the mothers abdominal cavity
pregnancy heartburn treatment
smaller meals, avoid lying after eating, less fatty foods
kilocalorie increase for first trimester
EER+0
kilocalorie increase for second trimester
EER+340
kilocalorie increase for third semester
EER+452
what is the increase of protein DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
46 to 71
what is the increase of vit c DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
75 to 85
what is the increase of thiamin DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
1.1 to 1.4
what is the increase of niacin DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
14 to 18
what is the increase of folate DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
400 to 600
what is the increase of vit d DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
stays the same; 15
what is the increase of calcium DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
stays the same; 1000
what is the increase of iron DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
18 to 27
what is the increase of iodine DRI from not pregnant to pregnant
150 to 220
folate increase ___% from pre pregnancy
50
iron increases ____% from prepregnancy
50
when is fish not safe to eat in pregnancy
larger fish
swordfish, shark, king mackerel, tilefish, marlin, orange roughy, bigeye tuna
why is fish not always safe to eat
some contain methylmurcury
what does large amounts of methylercury do in pregnancy
toxic, damage fetal nervous system
pregnancy craving cause
unknown
pica
craving and eating nonfood items such as laundry starch, chalk, clay, cigarette ashes, soil
pica may be associated with
iron, zinc deficiencies
recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy depends on
pre pregnancy weight
weight gain recommendation for mother BMI <18.5 (underweight)
28-40lb
weight gain recommendation for mother BMI 18.5-24.9 (healthy weight)
25-35lb
weight gain recommendation for mother BMI 25-29.9 (overweight)
15-25lb
weight gain recommendation for mother BMI >30 (obese)
11 to 20 lb
weight gain recommendations are higher for females with
more than one fetus
females who gain excess weight during pregnancy are likely to
retain extra pounds after birth
give birth to high birth weight baby
high birth weight baby
> 8lb 13 oz
high birth weight babies have a higher risk of
being injured during birth
obesity, diabetes, HTN
females who are underweight and do not gain enough weight during pregnancy are at risk of
having preterm or low birth weight infants
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: blood
4 lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: breasts
2lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: uterus
2lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: fat, protein, retained fluid
11lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: fetus
7.5lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: placenta
1.5lb
distribution of weight gain during pregnancy: amniotic fluid
2lb
healthy pregnancy weight gain rate
up to 5 lb during first trimester
3-4lb per month during 2nd and 3rd
prenatal care
specialized health care for pregnant females
prenatal care should begin
early in pregnancy
prenatal care includes measuring and monitoring
weight gain, BP, blood glucose, uterine growth
prenatal care includes advising on
lifestyle choices
prenatal care may also include discussing other concerns likee
morning sickness, safe types of PA, birth process expectation, infant care skills
gestational diabetes occurs in up to ___% of pregnancies
10
when a female has gestational diabetes, excess glucose is delivered to
fetus, often leading to high birth weight baby
after birth, infants born to a mom with gestational diabetes have difficulty
controlling own blood glucose levels, at risk for becoming overweight as children
gestational hypertension occurs after ___ week
20th
preeclampsia
sudden, dramatic increase in weight due to edema, severe HTN, persistent headache, vision problems, trouble breathing, protein in urine
if seizures occur with preeclampsia it is called
eclampsia
major causes of maternal death
preeclampsia, eclampsia
exposure to tobacco from cigarette smoking may lead to
early brith and low birth weight baby; increase risk of having baby with birth defects or die from SIDS
benefits of physical activity in pregnancy
enhanced muscle tone and strength
reduced edema
improve mood and sleep
pregnancy recommended activities
walking, cycling, swimming, prenatal yoga, light aerobics
pregnant women should avoid which physical activities
contact sports, hot yoga, horseback riding, downhill skiing
infancy stage
birth to 2 years
birth weight doubles by
4-6 months
birth weight triples by
1 year
infant length increases by ___% from birth to one year
50
colostrum
yellowish fluid that is the initial form of breast milk, contains anti-infective properties
colostrum contains
antibodies, immune system cells, other biologically active substances needed for immunity, prebiotics
human milk is a rich source of
lipids, fatty acids
linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, docosahezaenoic acid
advantages of breastfeeding for baby
free of bacteria
supplies antibodies and immune cells
easily digested
reduce risk of food allergies
change in composition overtime to meet needs of infant
contains zinc, iron, other minerals
decrease risk of ear, intestinal, respiratory infections
reduce risk of asthma, obesity, type 1 diabetes
advantages of breastfeeding for new mothers
reduce uterine bleeding
promotes shrinking of uterus to pre-pregnancy state
decrease risk of breast and ovarian cancer
promote maternal weight loss
enhance bonding with infant
less expensive, more convenient than formula
oxytocin
elicits the let down response, causes uterus to contract
let down reflex can be blocked by
embarrassment, emotional stress and tension, pain, fatigue
milk production relies on
supply and demand
milk production requires approximately ___kcal/day
800
lactation: daily energy needs only need to increase by ____ kcal/day above females pre-pregnancy EER
300-400
recommendation is to exclusively breastfeed infants for
6 months
appropriate solid foods should be added at about ___ months old
4-6
breastfeeding combined with solid foods should continue until
12 months
human milk may be inadequate in
vitamin d, b-12, iron, fluoride
AAP recommends ____ supplements until breastfed baby consumes adequate ____ from food or infant formula
vit d
lactating total vegetarians may need ___ supplement
vit b-12
babies should have a source of ____ by 6 months
zinc, iron
why is cows milk not appropriate for infants under 1
too high in calcium, sodium, potassium, protein
too low in essential fatty acids, iron, vit e
fat and casein are difficult for infants to digest
common signs of food allergies
vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal gas and pain, abdominal bloating, constipation
skin rash
runny nose, breathing difficulties
formula fed babies have ___ risk of cows milk allergy and eczema compared to breastfed
higher
delay the introduction of solid foods until
4-6 months
extrusion reflex
involuntary response in which a young infant thrusts its tongue forward when a solid or semisolid food is placed in its mouth
extrusion reflex disappears at
4-6 months
weaning
gradual process of shifting from breastfeeding or bottle feeding to drinking from a cup and eating solid foods
first “solid” foods should be rich in
iron and zinc
wait about ___ days before adding a new food
3-5 days
delaying the introduction go highly allergenic foods may ___ risk of food allergies
increase
infants with a history of severe egg allergy, eczema, or both are at high risk of developing
peanut allergy
high risk infants should be fed a small amount of a peanut-containing food beginning
4-6 months
infants first set of teeth begin to appear about
6-8 months
by ___ months most infants can feed themselves using their hands, or hold a bottle
8-12
by about ____months of age, healthy infants can be offered foods the family consumes
10
honey may contain
spores of clostridium botulinum
what not to feed an infant
honey
excessive formula or human milk
semisolid babyfood in a bottle that has the nipple enlarged
candy, flavored gelatin water, soft drinks
fruit juice
raw milk
goats milk
plant based milk
children should not consume added sugars before
age 2
fruit juice not recommended before ___ of age
1 year
excessive amounts of apple, pear, or prune juice may cause
diarrhea, has, abdominal pain
unpasteurized milk, yogurt, cheese or juice may be contaminated by
bacteria, virus
goats milk is low in
iron, folate vit c and d
plant based milk alternatives do not support
proper growth and development
baby bottle caries result from
infants being put to bed with bottle of formula, juice, any sugar sweetened drink
infants should be given only water in bedtime bottles to reduce risk of
baby bottle caries
preschool period
2-5 years old
snacks for preschool age should be
nutrient dense, fit childs overall diet
picky eating and food jags may be expressions of a Childs
growing need for independence
food jags
periods in which a child refuses to eat a food that they liked in the past, or only wanting to eat a particular food
instead of nagging, forcing or bribing a child to eat
offer variety of healthy foods each day and allow to choose
many children resist eating new foods due to
temperature, appearance, texture, taste
preschool children iron deficiency can lead to
decreased physical stamina, learning ability, resistance to infection
preschool children iron deficiency prevention
provide foods that are good sources of iron
if dental caries are not treated
jaw pain, gum infection, tooth loss can occur
tips to reduce risk of caries
brush teeth with pea-sized amount of fluoride containing toothpaste, 2x daily
routine dental care and fluoridated drinking water
reduce # carb containing snack
school age children
6-11 years old
compared to preschoolers, school-age children often skip___, typically consume ____
breakfast
more food away from home, more fried items and sugar sweetened beverages
diets of school-age children tend to provide
excessive amounts of solid fat, added sugars, sodium
less than recommended amounts of fruit, vegetables, fiber
school age children nutrition related health concerns
obesity, HTN, constipation
adolescence
12-19 years old
____ signals the end of childhood
puberty
puberty is characterized by
dramatic physical changes including increases in height and weight
people generally establish future eating habits and physical activity practices as
teenagers
___, ____, ____ are major dietary concerns for adolescents
obesity, eating disordersm low iron and calcium
iron deficiency in adolescents may occur
during growth spurt due to high needs or for females if heavy menstrual blood losses
inadequate calcium intake during adolescence associated with
decreased bone mass and increased likelihood of bone fractures
over ____% of American children between ages 2 and 19 are obese
19
childhood desirable weight: ___ percentile
> 5th to <85th
childhood overweight: ___ percentile
> 85th to <95th
childhood obese: ___ percentile
> 95th
health problems associated with childhood obesity
elevated BP
impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes
elevated blood lipids
breathing problems
musculoskeletal problems
fatty liver disease, gallstones, gastroesophageal reflex
social and psychological problems
childhood obesity genetic/biological contributing factors
parents who are overfit
mother who was overfit during pregnancy
mother who gained too much weight and/or had gestational diabetes
mother who smoked during pregnancy
undernourished during prenatal development
childhood obesity environmental contributing factors
early access to food and drinks high in empty calories
limited access to healthy and affordable foods
advertising of unhealthy foods that targets youth
lack of set periods for daily PA in schools
larger portion sizes of food sold
excess exposure to digital media
sleeping less than recommended
personal and family stress
treating childhood obesity goal
slow rate of weight gain without interfering with normal growth and development
for adolescents who are severely obese, treatment may include
medication and weight loss surgery
life expectancy
length of a time an average person born in a specific year can expect to life
in 2021 life expectancy was
77 years old
people who experience healthy aging avoid developing
serious chronic diseases
people who experience healthy aging enjoy
good quality of life, maintain adequate thinking abilities and positive psychological health as they grow older
older adulthood
70 years +
senescence
declining organ functioning and increased vulnerability to disease that occurs after reaching physical maturity
life span
maximum number of years an organism can live
aging: normal physiological changes
digestion
reduced saliva, gastric acid, intrinsic factor secretion, increased heart burn and constipation
aging: normal physiological changes
skin, hair, nails
graying hair, drier skin and hair, loses elasticity and forms wrinkles, skin bruises easily
aging: normal physiological changes
musculoskeletal
bone-forming cells become les active, resulting in bone loss, fractures heal slower, joints become stiff and painful, muscle mass declines, loss of strength and stamina
aging: normal physiological changes
nervous
decreased brain weight, reduced production of neurotransmitters, delayed transmutation of nerve impulses, loss of short term memory, reduced sensory abilities
aging: normal physiological changes
lymphatic, immune
reduced functioning resulting in increased vulnerability to cancer and infections
aging: normal physiological changes
circulatory
hardening of the arteries, reduced cardiac output, increased risk of blood clots
aging: normal physiological changes
endocrine
decreased production of reproductive, growth, and thyroid hormones
aging: normal physiological changes
respiratory
reduced lung capacity, increased vulnerability to respiratory illness
aging: normal physiological changes
urinaty
increased loss of functional kidney cells, resulting in decreased blood filtration rate, loss of bladder control
aging: normal physiological changes
reproductive
males: decreased male hormone production and sperm count
females: declining female hormone production, cessation of menstrual cycles, loss of fertility
common nutrition related concerns of older adults
reduced food intake
physical inactivity
changes in body weight
digestive system problems
depression
biogerontologists
scientist who study the biology of aging
biology of aging: one theory
longevity results from cells ability to maintain and repair the damage done by a lifetime of exposure to the environment and the effects of everyday wear and tear
calorie restriction may ___ longevity
extend
telomere length is associated with
longevity
older people tend to have ___ telomeres than younger persons
shorter
long telomere length
associated with healthy body weight, following healthy diet, avoid tobacco, limiting alcohol, being physically active
short telomere length
higher risk of chronic disease
During pregnancy, a mother-to-be should double her food
intake because she’s “eating for two.” True or false?
false
true or false: infant formulas provide the same health benefits to
infants as breast milk.
false
true or false: Caregivers should add solid foods to an infant’s
diet within the first month after the baby is born
false
true or false: Over the past few decades, the prevalence of
obesity has increased among American children
true
true or false: Compared to younger persons, older adults have
lower risks of nutritional deficiencies
false
