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RUSVM Epidemiology 2016 > Study Designs > Flashcards

Study Designs Flashcards

1
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

describe disease:

Characteristics, amount, and distribution of disease

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2
Q

Analytical Studies

A

Identify associations: Determine if there is an association between an exposure and outcome in a population and how strong the association is
The ultimate goal is to determine if an exposure factor causes the disease

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3
Q

Characteristics of a good study

A

Scientifically sound
Valid
Precise
Efficient

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4
Q

What are the different types of descriptive study designs?

A

Case Reports
Case Series
Cross-sectional descriptive studies

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5
Q

What is an analytical experimental study design?

A

Clinical trials

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6
Q

What is an analytical observational study design that compares groups of populations?

A

Ecological

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7
Q

What is an analytical observational study design that compares groups of Individuals?

A

Cross-sectional analytical studies
Case-control
Cohort (prospective and retrospective)

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

a statement about an association between an exposure and an outcome

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9
Q

One study subject in a descriptive study design

A

Case Report

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10
Q

A Few study subjects in a descriptive study design

A

Case Series

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11
Q

What are the advantages of Case Reports and Case Series?

A

Require minimal resources
relatively quick to perform
Provide information to stimulate hypotheses and future analytical studies

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of Case Reports & Case Series?

A

Small number of cases
Findings may be atypical or aberrant
Strictly descriptive
Findings are not generalizable to the population

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13
Q

A descriptive study design with Lots of study subjects

A

Cross-sectional study

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14
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Sample of the population
Estimate the amount and distribution of disease
Measure of disease occurrence is usually prevalence

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15
Q

What are the steps of a cross-sectional study?

A
  1. Select subjects from the source population
  2. Measure the disease in each study subject
  3. Calculate the measure of disease occurrence
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16
Q

What are the advantages of a cross-sectional study

A

Can generalize to the population
Fast and Cheap
Provide good descriptive or baseline for future studies

17
Q

What are the disadvantages of a cross-sectional study

A

Not good for causality

Prevalence is of limited value

18
Q

What are the two types of Analytical studies?

A

Experimental

Observational

19
Q

Association

A

when the exposure if dependent on the outcome

20
Q

Allocated

A

Assigned

21
Q

Blinding

A

researcher doesn’t know the treatment or exposure status of subjects

22
Q

Random Selection

A

Randomly select study subjects for inclusion

23
Q

Random Allocation

A

Randomly allocated subjects to exposure groups

24
Q

What are the advantages of Experimental studies?

A

Establish causality
Free of bias and confounding
Statistically powerful
Exposures and outcomes are clearly measured during the study - no recall bias

25
Q

Disadvantages of Experimental studies?

A

Expensive
Very narrow in scope
Not always ethical to randomly allocate treatment
“Placebo effect”
Loss of follow up can be higher for some treatments

26
Q

Case control studies

A

Individual Subjects are selected to represent outcome groups

Subjects are selected because of their outcome status

27
Q

What are the advantages of Case-control studies?

A

Short timeline
Can look at multiple risk factors at one time
Good for studying rare diseases

28
Q

What are the disadvantages of Case-control studies?

A

Poor selection of controls can invalidate the entire study
Recall bias
Incomplete clinical records

29
Q

Cohort Studies

A

Individual subjects are selected to represent exposure groups

30
Q

What are the two types of Cohort Studies?

A

Prospective cohort studies

Retrospective Cohort Studies

31
Q

Prospective cohort study

A

Forward in time

32
Q

Retrospective cohort study

A

Back in time
Subjects are selected based on their exposure status, then their outcome status is determined from their history, by reviewing records, questionnaires, testing them to determine if they have the outcome

33
Q

Advantages of Prospective cohort studies

A

Establish Causality
Multiple exposures at one time
study of rare exposures

34
Q

Disadvantages of Prospective Cohort Studies

A

Take a long time
deal with changing study populations
Depends upon accurate assessment of exposures and consistent assessment of outcomes over time

35
Q

Advantages of Retrospective Cohort studies

A

Short timeline - disease has already occurred
look at multiple exposures at one time
studying rare exposures

36
Q

Disadvantages of Retrospective Cohort Studies

A

Not good for establishing causality
Poor selection of controls can invalidate the entire study
Depends upon accurate assessment of diseases that happened in the past
Recall bias
Incomplete clinical records

RUSVM Epidemiology 2016 (20 decks)

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