Studies - Developmental Flashcards
Sodian
Children of 3 1/2 years of age were able to carry out deceptive pointing but were unable to tell outright lies until the age of 4. This supports almost all theories that children are unable to create a false belief until their ToM develops at age 4.
Patterson
Case study evidence of a child deceiving at age 3, by blaming an event on someone else. Therefore, they must understand that someone else was having a different experience than them, showing evidence for ToM.
Lewis - deception
Children lied about peeking at a toy they were told not to at the age of 3.
Lippard
80% of adults tell outright lies and it’s the most common type of deception.
Newton
Evidence for a 2 and a 1/2 year old deceiving. The deception was too complex to be defined as a blind learned strategy as it was flexible and context appropriate.
Reddy - Deception
Children in their first year are able to conceal things from others, fake laugh and feign innocence.
Mizokawa
Many reports about children deceiving are colloquial and not empirical. Empirical evidence shows that children of 4 years can understand the differences between fake crying and real crying during pretend play meaning that they would be able to perform this behaviour themselves.
Nakayama
Fake crying shown at 12 months of age.
Baillargeon
Children who were presented with a spontaneous non-verbal response task (similar to the theory of mind test) were able to understand false beliefs at 2 years of age shown via the child’s gaze when the ‘agent’ reached their hand into the wrong box.
Also did research about object permanence with a draw-bridge. Babies as young as 5-months became confused in the impossible task condition, showing that they understand object permanence.
Also did further research and found that 5 month old infants understood object permanence when a different task was used.
Also did a study testing object permanence with a carrot and found 3 1/2 month infants understand object permanence.
Collin-Baker
24 month old infants were able to cope with double invisible displacement with boxes arranged in a diamond shape.
Barr
Found evidence of 12 month old infants successfully completing deferred imitation, this is before symbolic thought.
Meltzoff
Found evidence of 9 month old infants successfully imitating after a 24 hour delay.
Reissland
Found evidence of neonates imitating lip pursing showing this skill is present from birth, contrasting Piaget’s belief about children not being to have any imitation abilities until 4-8 months.
Hogan
Scaffolding is when you aid a child in reaching a goal which is otherwise unattainable using their own efforts.
This aids cognitive planning in executive functioning.
Rochat
4 to 6 month old babies become more sensitive to protoconversation (peekaboo) than 2 month old babies and was predicted that this was due to scaffolding of social exchanges among adults.
