Studies Flashcards
Buss
Biological theories of attraction
- questionnaire
- this study proved that there were common factors among all cultures that were important to sexes e.g. chastity, housekeeping
STRENGTHS
- large number of participants
LIMITATIONS
- number of each culture was not constant which means that there could be bias in the results.
- translation issues may have led to a different meaning in words
Darley
Bystander effect
- diffusion of responsibility
- smoke entered a room and when by themself, reported the incident but in a group, they didn’t.
STRENGTHS
- recreated a true event (Kitty) so high in validity
LIMITATIONS
- few participants
- unethical
Haney and Zimbardo
Stanford prison experiment
-deindivuation
- status and power in groups
STRENGTHS
Conversations found that the prisoners reacted to the situation as if it was real, making it highly reliable.
LIMITATIONS
Supports situational but not dispositional (personal factors) explanation of factors
McMillan
how membership, influence, integration and fulfilment of needs lead to a sense of community
STRENGTH
- Study has been seen in many different examples of groups, making it highly valid
LIMITATIONS
definitions were not tested during the time of experiment
Cialdini
Petrified wood
- injunctive norms reduce theft, descriptive norms increase it
Injunctive
- what the rules are and how we should behave
Descriptive
- what is commonly done: this means that in the context of Cialdini, saying that people are stealing wood implies that it’s ok and people are going to do it
STRENGTHS
- Large sample size
LIMITATIONS
no proof that people truly did read the sign
sign may not have even impacted their behaviour at all
Milgram
shocking people when they get an answer wrong
proves that people are likely to perform actions contrary to their beliefs and wishes if they are instructed to do so by an authority figure
STRENGTHS
- participants believed everything was real making the results valid
LIMITATIONS
sample was all white males
unethical - people were deceived
Tajfel
Social identity theory
participants were given money to allocate to other participants
groups wre more concerned about creating a difference between in-group and out-group
STRENGTHS
- use of an experimental method: improved reliability
LIMITATIONS
-sample was only 14-15 year old boys
- under laboratory conditions
Ross
Attribution bias
- people who watched game show thought of the host as the smartest since he ‘knows all the answers’ - they did not take into account the situational factors: he wrote the questions so he knows the answers.
STRENGTHS
- used an experimental research design
LIMITATIONS
- samplewas all university students
Baddeley and Hitch
Working model of memory
Asch
Conformity (what was the biggest line)
STRENGTHS
- has been replicated: test-retest reliability
LIMITATIONS
- no consent: unethical
- sample was only male students from a university
Rollie and Duck
Relationship dissolution
STRENGTHS
- supported by theory that has been verified by professionals
LIMITATIONS
- only supports a typical white, middle aged couples: no homosexual couples or other cultures
- method of experiment is based on biased reports
Festinger
Cognitive dissonance
STRENGTH
- Easily testable
LIMIATIONS
- Cannot be observed directly: it is an internal action
- There are individual differences that account for cognitive dissonance
Hudson
Pictorial depth cues in different cultures (social influence on visual perception)
STRENGTHS
- varied and controlled sample size
LIMITATIONS
- only 2 cultures were used
- reasons for different depth perception may have been due to other reasons: not just culture
Deregowski
Used Hudson’s design except Deregowski had the depth perception of “where is this spear aiming at”
STRENGTHS
- Culturally diverse
LIMITATIONS
- did not include texture gradient as a depth cue
- may have been other reasons for the results: not just culture
Deregowski, Muldrow
Remote populations had difficulties seeing objects in a pictorial sense because they have not been experienced to it
Perception is mainly based on past experiences or familiarity
STRENGTHS
- experimenter was familiar with the area and their people which made sure there was no errors in translation
LIMITATIONS
- Pictures were in black and white: hard to see
- Stressful: unethical
