Memory Flashcards
3 processes of memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Who investigated the level of processing model?
Craik and Lockhart
What did the level of processing model find?
Gave participants easy anagram, and complex anagrams of words to be remembered
Participants who work the hardest to solve anagrams better remembered the word
3 level of processing
- Structural: words are learnt by remembering their physical features
- Phonemic: words are learnt by sounds
- Semantic: words are encoded by their meaning which allows them to be placed into our semantic network.
4 aspects of the Working Model of Memory
Phonological loop
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Central Executive
Episodic Buffer
Phonological loop
What we hear
Helps us remember words from the beginnning of the sentence until the end
Episodic Buffer
Retrieves information from LTM
Associate with information that is in working memory
Select and encode information into LTM
Visuospatial Sketchpad
What we see
3 roles of Central Executive
Inhibition - screening out irrelevant material
Switching - changing attention from one item to another
Updating - modifying items brought from LTM before recommitting them to memory through episodic buffer, creating a process of accommodation of the semantic network
Duration of STM
12-30 seconds
Chunking
Grouping items together
Occupies number of different locations in brain
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating information over and over again
Keeps it in STM
Elaborative rehearsal
give meaning to information and link it to previous information.
deep method of encoding - goes through the semantic network so more likely to remember information this way
associating between old and new memories help locate and retrieve information later
4 forms of mnemonics
visualisation,
verbalisation,
rhythm
rhyme
Method of loci
type of mnemonic that utilises spatial memory
uses a mental map e.g. remembering location of things in your house
SQ4R
Type of mnemonic:
Survey
Question
Read
Recite
Relate
Review
Role of memory in Frontal Lobe
Storage, processing and encoding of procedural memories
Episodic memory
Role of memory in Occipital Lobe
Picture memory
Role of memory in Temporal Lobe
Sound and names of colours
Role of memory in Parietal Lobe
Spatial memory
Role of memory in Amygdala
Emotional
Procedural
Role of memory in Hippocampus
Forming explicit memory
Consolidating and retrieving LTM (declarative)
Role of memory in Basal Ganglia
Procedural
Movement
Role of memory in Cerebellum
Encoding, processing and storing procedural memory
Clasically conditioned response
Motor-skills
3 stores of memory (Multi-store model)
Sensory
Short-term
Long-term
Capacity and duration of iconic memory
Capacity - unlimited
Duration - 0.3 seconds
Capacity and duration of echoic memory
Capacity - unlimited
Duration - 3-4 seconds
Different types of long term memory
Procedural (implicit) and Declarative (explicit)
2 types of declarative memory
Episodic (episodes or experiences)
Semantic (facts or general knowledge)
3 Strengths of Baddeley and Hitch (Working model of memory)
It’s been supported by dual task studies
Extends upon Atkinson and Shiffrin’s model by going into further depth about the stores in short-term memory (there’s auditory and visual memories)
This notion of multiple stores is backed up by the KF case study where KF suffered brain damage to his short-term memory but only affected certain sensory stores.
4 Weaknesses of Baddeley and Hitch model
Model suggests that the visuospatial sketchpad is linked to spatial memory yet blind people who have never seen before have good spatial memory
Little evidence on the central executive and how/if it works
Only involves STM so its not a comprehensive model of memory as a whole.
Does not include changes in processing ability that result from practise or time
