Socialisation and Gender Flashcards
What does the evolutionary explanation for gender roles suggest?
Natural selection required males and females to possess different biological and psychological traits in order to increase survival
E.g. males are stereotypically aggressive due to the need for men to defend families
What’s the theory of psychosexual differentiation?
Humans are born with innate with an innate instinct to identify as male or female due to testosterone
Basis of the biosocial theory.
Biological sex + Social labels and differential treatment + influence of hormones = Gender identity
3 stages of gender role formation
- Gender identity
- able to understand what theirs and other’s genders are but associate genders with stereotypes and don’t understand you can have contradicting stereotypes e.g. man with long hair - Gender Stability
- children begin to understand that sex can’t change.
- cant grasp difference between gender and sex: think that if a woman acts like a man, their sex changes e.g. mum dresses like dad - Gender constancy
- Understand that sex is constant
- also understands gender and doesnt assume that if a girl acts like a boy, doesnt mean the girl is a man
Social identity theory
we join groups which are an important source of pride and self-esteem
to maintain pride and self esteem, we develop an in-group and an out-group
3 factors of this theory:
1. Social categorisation - categorising people so we can identify and understand them
- Social identification - where people modify their behaviours, attitudes and beliefs to fit the group
- Social comparison - where we compare our in-group with other groups to affirm our identity
2 types of biases
- Self-serving: tendency to view ourselves as more favourably than others in the same position to maintain our self-esteem.
- Confirmation: we select information to prove the point that we attributed something to in an effort to maintain self-esteem e.g. blaming a loss on the ref.
4 factors of community
- Membership - feeling a sense of belonging in a community: boundaries are set when joining a community which create a sense of security
2.Influence - convincing people in a community to do what you want them to do: there needs to be a sense of conformity: people are happy to do what you want
- Shared emotional connection
- Integration and fulfilment of needs
- in order to increase group success, rewards must be available which motivate them to behave in a certain way
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- in order to increase group success, rewards must be available which motivate them to behave in a certain way
Multiculturalism vs plurality
Multi: individuals from many cultures co exist under one set of rules
Pluralism: 2 or more cultures co exist, holding their own set of rules, rituals, traditions etc.
Assimilation vs acculturation
assimilation - adapting into a culture completely
acculturation - keeping the core values and ideas of original culture while abiding by rules of adopted culture
Fundamental attribution error
Too much emphasis on dispositional factors (internal factors) but too little on situational e.g. thinking a kid is always kind if they are a suck up in one class
Actor-observer bias
explain our actions by external factors but others by internal factors
Difference between stimulus discrimination and generalisation
Stimulus generalisation is when a similar stimulus to that of the conditioned stimulus evokes the same conditioned response e.g. dog salivating at the sound of a buzzer even though it was paired with a bell
Stimulus discrimination is when differentiation is made between the conditioned stimulus and the similar stimulus e.g. salivating when bell is heard but not buzzer vice versa
Extinction
If a conditioned stimulus continues to appear in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response becomes weaker, and thus extinguished. However, it does not truly go away, it is just dormant.
e.g. ringing bell without bringing out food
