stuarts essay 3 rulers Flashcards
- CHARLES I - LARGELY UNSUCCESSFUL
- measures. sc
- reaction sc
- action eng
- - led to + eval
Begin by outlining Charles I’s attempts to enforce religious uniformity and their consequences:
* Charles aimed to impose Laudian Anglicanism across his kingdoms, beginning with the introduction of the Laudian Prayer Book in Scotland in july 1637 -> st giles cathedral .
* This led to fierce opposition, including the signing of the feb 1638 National Covenant by Scottish Presbyterians (unite against charles’ policy and to maintain presbytarianism in scotland). These actions escalated into the Bishops’ Wars (1639-1640), showcasing his inability to contain dissent.
- In England, Charles’ refusal to address Puritan grievances, such as demands to reform the Church of England (e.g., the Root and Branch Petition of 1640 - end of episocpacy), alienated Parliament and fuelled growing Puritan radicalism.
how this contributed to radicalism spiralling out of control:
* By 1642, tensions boiled over into the English Civil War. Radical groups like the Levellers and Diggers emerged during the war, advocating for ideas that directly threatened Charles’ authority.
* His rigid policies and inability to adapt ultimately left him powerless to manage the religious divisions in his kingdoms, leading to his execution in 1649.
- CROMWELL - PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL
-basics
-methods
-
- -evaluate
- Cromwell sought a middle ground, promoting “liberty of conscience” for mainstream Protestant sects, which helped stabilize religious tensions to some extent. However, he was unwilling to tolerate groups he deemed too radical, such as the Quakers and Ranters.
examples of Cromwell’s methods:
* To enforce order, he implemented policies such as the 1655 Major Generals’ Rule, which aimed to reform moral and religious practices. However, these efforts were unpopular and ineffective in fully containing dissent.
Evaluate Cromwell’s success:
* While Cromwell managed to keep religious radicalism from spiraling into open chaos during his rule, the lack of widespread acceptance for his policies undermined his long-term success.
* His death in 1658 led to instability, exposing how fragile his achievements were in dealing with radicalism. (eg quaker support for a lambertian protectorate)
- CHARLES II MIXED OUTCOME
- strategy
-further measures
-challenges
-summarise outcome
Charles II’s strategy for restoring control:
* After the Restoration in 1660, Charles II prioritized re-establishing the Anglican Church as the dominant religious authority. The 1662 Act of Uniformity expelled approximately 2,000 dissenting ministers, demonstrating his determination to enforce conformity.
Further, measures taken to suppress dissenters:
* The 1664 Conventicle Act and 1665 Five Mile Act targeted nonconformist groups, restricting their ability to worship or preach outside the Church of England. These laws succeeded in forcing many dissenters underground.
Assess Charles II’s challenges and limitations:
* Despite outward conformity, dissenting groups such as the Quakers and Baptists continued to grow covertly, spreading their ideas in secret. already in 1660 35,000 quakers. lack of punishment in the clarendon codes only pushed them out of sight not eradicate.
*Even led to northern rising 1663 religious radicals and republicans attempted but lost steam
Summarize the mixed outcome:
* While Charles II’s regime suppressed open radicalism and restored Anglican dominance, his failure to address the underlying causes of dissent meant that religious radicalism persisted beneath the surface.
when was laudian prayer book and st giles
july 1637
when was national covenant in scotland
feb 1638
when was civil war
1642
when and what was root and branch petition
dec 1640. 15,000 londoners wanted to remove episcopacy eg bishops in parliament.
when and impact was major generals rule
1655
aimed to reform moral and religious practices. However, these efforts were unpopular and ineffective in fully containing dissent.
cromwell death year - meant for his success
- His death in 1658 led to instability, exposing how fragile his achievements were in dealing with radicalism.
when was the restoration
1660
when was act of uniformity
- expelled approx 2000 dissenting ministers = determined to have conformity
when and what were conventicle and 5 mile act
1664 (religious meetings of 5 or more ppl were forbidden, 1665 (nonconformist ministers werent allowed within 5 miles of their former parishes
when and what was northern rising
1663
religious radicals and republicans attempted but lost steam
CONCLUSION
On a whole, whilst hostilities were pacified more in cromwell and charles 2, the deep-rooted and persistent nature of religious radicalism made it that none of the rulers were able to fully overcome it, especially each different method had its own negative knock on effects.
CHARLES 1 IN A SENTENCE
- Charles I failed to contain radicalism entirely, as his rigid policies deepened divisions and contributed to civil war.
