cromwell Flashcards
when was the monarchy and house of lords abolished
march 1649
when was england declared a commonwealth
may 1649
when did fairfax resign as lord general and was replaced by cromwell
august 1649
when was the outbreak of the 3rd civil war
august 1650
when did cromwell defeat charles 2 at worchester
september 1651
when did cromwell dissolve the rump
april 1653
when did the nominated assembly meet and declare itself as a parliament
then when did it dissolve itself
july 1653 - december 1653
when was cromwell established as lord protector under the instrument of govenrment.
december 1653
when did the First Protectorate meet and when was it dissolved
September 1654 - Jan 1654
when did the Major Generals operate
August 1655 - january 1657
when was the Second Protectorate operating
september 1656 - feb 1658
when was the Sindercombe plot to assassinate cromwell
january 1657
when did decimation tax end
january 1657
when was the Humber Petition and Advice presented to Cromwell
february 1657
when did cromwell refuse the crown
april 1657
when was the death of cromwell
september 1658
when did the Third Protectorate operate
january 1659 - april 1659
when did Richard Cromwell resign as Lord Protector
may 1659
when were the Rump recalled
may 1659
when did the army dissolve the rump 1st time
and set up te Army Committee of Safety
october 1659
when was the rump restored by General Monck
december 1659
when did Monck recall the MPs excluded in Pride’s purge.
february 1660
when did the Convention Parliament assemble
april 1660
the council of state info
- 41 members who were to be elected annually by the rump
- half has been active supporters of the regicide (suggesting the rump was already retreating from revolution to conservatism)
- in a deliberate attempt to curb the political influence of the army, only two serving officers (Cromwell and Fairfax) were among the elected
what was needed for the interregnum to bring stability
- army and people’s support
- problem of religious divisions
- needs legitimacy
what did the levellers want
tolerance, extend suffrage
how and why did cromwell defeat the levellers
the levellers leaders launched a bitter attack on cromwell and Ireton, accusing them of ambition and deceit
they were trying to organise an outright mutiny
cromwell instigated the rump to arrest the leaders
gone by may 1649
how did the rump deal with threats from abroad
- continental monarchies were horrified that an anointed king had been executed like a commoner
- construction of 77 new warships and conscripted thousands of seamen to strengthen the navy
when and what was the Eikon Basilike
Feb 1649
image of a king
memoirs of charles 1
= reprinted 30x within a year of publication
how did the rump suppress religious radicals
- john lilburne and other leveller leaders were imprisoned
- Blastphemy Act and Adultery Act Aug 1650 = against religious radicals eg Ranters
why did the irish rebel
the news of charles’ execution united Irish catholics and anglicans.
sep 1649 - Drogheda - brutal suppression of irish.
why did the third civil war begin
began in 1650 due to the threat of the scottish invasion to bring charles stuart to thron
when was dunbar
september 1650
why did cromwell think highly of himself as god’s instrument
- Dunbar
- destroyed the royalist army at worchester
why did cromwell dissolve the rump
after seeing he was god’s isntrument he was unhappy with the failure to reform of the rump, so he took it upon himself to make a new system
what did the rank and file, and radicals want
wholesale reform, no institution of church
what did the council of officers want
to reform and refurbish the CofE, significant religious freedom, greater social justice eg end of imprisonment for debt
what did political independents want
to retain a reformed national church and believed ministers should be paid in some way other than tithes.
when was the first dutch war
1652-4
why did the first dutch war happen
the navigation act
and disagreements over fishing rights and english claims to sovereignty over the seas
what and when was the hales commission
1651 to consider law reform
but set aside less than 2 years later, under pressure from the army
cromwell general history
part of the minor gentry
promoted men on merit
puritan
believed in godly reformation, sought to build a national church and state.
regarded religious radicals as misguided rather than wicked
wanted to restore an executive
what was the nominated assembly also known as
the parliament of saints / the barebones parliament
example of meritocracy nominated assembly
1/3 of members were men of sufficient status to have been elected, 2/3 were JPs for more than 3 years.
what did the nominated assembly pass and do
DEC 1653
voted against tithes
reasons for the rump’s conservatism x3
- seen as too consevative by NMA but too radical by PM
- attempted to appeal to the PN to stabilise regime
- refused to act on the Hales Commission
positives of the nominated assembly
-Reformed debt law, treatment of insane, registrations of births, death and marriages, Tougher measures against thieves - work of Hales Commission taken up
-Relatively moderate, only 12 confirmed 5th monarchists - cautious reformers
-Abolished Chancery (Royal prerogative court)
-Legitimacy through God - created stability
failures of the nominated assembly
-Removed many Gentry from positions of power who supported the Rump, alienating moderates - only 1/3 had sufficient status to have been elected to previous Pments - 2/3 had been JPs for more than 3 years
-Discussed cutting army pay
-moderates were concerned about the introduction of biblical laws + purges to the commissions of the peace - removed gentry and replaced them with yeomen and shopkeepers - inverting social order
when was the instrument of government
1653
- established cromwell as lord protector
- parliament elected every 3 years for 5 months
- council of state controlled finance
- militia jointly controlled by protector and parliament
cromwell’s aims
- healing and settling the nation by establishing a stable govt
- religious reformation, establishing a godly rule.
how many ordinances were passed before parliament was elected (before 1st protectorate)
he passed 83 ordinances eg Commission of Triers (to ensure applicants for church livings were godly
1st protectorate parliament cromwell cheeky
5 months - went off lunar calendar to be as short as possible
what happened int he 1st protectorate
-Parliament saw Lord Protector as an alternative monarch and attacked the role
-Main grievances over Cromwells ability to enact ordinances, control of the army and the need to cut army spending
-Cromwell wanted to issue the fundamentals of government
-Council+Crowmell introduced oath recognition of the first fundamental of government, joint rule by head of state and parliament
-100 MPss (/460)refused to sign ‘Recognition’ (essentially an oath of allegiance) accepting the principle of government and were barred from sitting in Pment (mostly republicans)
-Cromwell contradictory between conservative settlement and godly reform alienated moderate MP’s, forcing him to rely on army
when was biddle’s case
1652
biddle’s case
Biddle was a teacher studying the bible who denied the holy trinity and divinity of Christ.
Accused of Heresy by parliament - wanted him imprisoned. Seen as parliament enforcing right to control religion, which led Cromwell to dissolve them on 22nd Jan 55 - Biddle just using liberty of conscience - goes against his religious tolerance
reasons for the first protectorate’s dissolution
-Attack on instrument of government - has too much army influence (written by Lambert), led by republicans (Haselrig)
-Wanting to control religion
-Failure to pay army
what (else) did the protectorate pass
- MARCH committee of triers, examines beliefs and quality of parish clergy + sought capable ministers
- AUG Committee of Ejectors - quality control of ministers, not based on denomination
why did the 1st protectorate reformation of the ungodly not get far
- could make little progress without financial support
how many quakers in 1959
50,000
when was Naylor Case
- accused for blastphemy and tortures and sent to prison
but cromwell intervened and stopped execution
liberty of conscience
M-G good
-Could be used to enforce a godly reformation (Failure of Spanish Indies made Cromwell believe gods believe slipping)
-Could enforce increased taxes on the royalists to pay the army (decimation tax in 55 took 10% of royalist income)
-Could stamp out royalist threats such as Penruddock’s rising in March 55
when and what was decimation tax
sept 55 - imposing a levy of 10% on property of known royalists
why was the decimation tax not good tho for cromwell
it only affected 2000 and did not make an attempt to reconcile with royalists.
examples of the M-G being based on the individual general
- edward Whalley made huge efforts in his area to improve the bottom society
- John berry told the 5th monarchist Vavasour Powell he wanted to further the revolution
who opposed the 3rd protectorate
- republicans
- lambert who distrusted civilians
- army as measures to restrict religious tolerance provoked them
why were quakers feared, besides numbers
as quakers organised support for lambert (main guy) in parliamentary elections.
who defected and brought rump back
in 1659, monck defected and returned the rump which dissolved itself in 1660 to allow free elections without restrictions on royalists.
